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history - medicine > early modern period > Flashcards

early modern period Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the renaissance?

A
  • a time of continuity and change - saw emergence of science
  • western doctors gained access to original writings
  • church lost power during the reformation as protestant Christianity spread in the 16th century
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2
Q

who was Vesalius?

A
  • medical professor in Italy - known as the father of modern scientific anatomy
  • in 1543 - published ‘the fabric of the human body’ - had perfectly executed illustrations of body
  • allowed to carry out dissections on executed criminals - meaning illustrations accurate
  • found around 300 mistakes in Galen’s works - including no holes in the septum of the heart
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3
Q

what was Vesalius’s short-term impact?

A

encouraged others to question Galen - because of his questioning attitude doctors realised there was more to discover

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4
Q

what was the long-term impact of Vesalius?

A
  • allowed many new discoveries and breakthroughs in anatomical studies
  • helped dissection to be legal
  • stressed practicality of surgery rather than book learning
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5
Q

what were the consequences of the Renaissance?

A
  • invention of the printing press - allowed new ideas to be spread + old ideas to be discussed and questioned
  • new inventions like gun powder meant more wounds for surgeons to experiment with
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6
Q

who was William Harvey?

A
  • discovered blood circulated around the body

- realised Galen was wrong about the liver producing blood - he found that the heart acted as a pump

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7
Q

short-term impact of Harvey?

A
  • one of the first to question Galen
  • not everyone believed his theories & people continued to perform bloodletting + purging - as he tried to overturn galens teachings
  • labelled a quack by many doctors - despite this he released “on the motion of the heart and blood” - presented his ideas in this gave doctors a map of how the body worked
  • this, in short-term, equipped the surgeons who did believe Harvey
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8
Q

the long-term impact of Harvey?

A
  • his work led to the eventual discreditation of Galen’s ideas
  • as well as use of leeches, bloodletting, purging and many more ways of ‘balancing humours’
  • blood tests, blood transfusions + transplants would not be possible
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9
Q

who was ambroise pare?

A
  • french barber-surgeon
  • despite unpleasant procedures he carried out - clear from his writings he cared deeply about his patients - link to church
  • when he ran out of cautery oil he discovered by chance the use of yolk and rose oil as an ointment to heal wounds
  • discovered use of ligatures
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10
Q

what was the short-term significance of pare?

A
  • Surgeons across Europe read Works on Surgery and Queen Elizabeth I’s surgeon promoted Paré’s discoveries - less using cauterisation
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11
Q

what is the long-term significance of pare?

A
  • pioneer in surgical techniques
  • fathers of surgery
  • paré also seems to be the first person to have fitted prosthetic (artificial) limbs on his patients - still used today
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12
Q

how was the renaissance a time of continuity?

A
  • many doctors reluctant to accept Galen as wrong
  • bloodletting, purging continued
  • doctors tended to focus more on reading books than on treating patients
  • doctors still expensive - had to result in barber-surgeons + apothecaries
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13
Q

how were superstition and religion still important in the renaissance?

A

people thought the king’s touch could cure scrofula - thousands visited king Charles I

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14
Q

what was the limitation of the printing press?

A

most people could not read or write so new ideas could only be shared within a small part of society

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15
Q

similarities of how people reacted to the black death and the great plague?

A
  • many treatments for the GP - based on superstition - lucky charms - prayer + fasting
  • bloodletting used
  • some people also thought miasma caused disease - posies of herbs + flowers
  • no national government attempts at prevention
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16
Q

how did the plague show change?

A
  • plague victims isolated
  • crowded areas closed
  • responses came from local councils - did more to combat the GP than they did for the BD previously 300 years ago
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17
Q

how did doctors’ training and knowledge begin to improve?

A
  • many doctors in Britain trained at the college of physicians set up in 1518 - read books by Galen but also studied recent medical developments
  • they gained license which separated them from quack doctors
  • dissections became a key part of medical training in 1700s
18
Q

who was john hunter?

A
  • surgeon and scientist
  • made important medical discoveries - learned more about venereal disease - major cause of illness at the time
  • introduced new approach to gunshot wounds
  • in 1785 - introduced a new way to treat an aneurysm
19
Q

long-term significance of john hunter?

A
  • significant due to his contributions to anatomy as well as scientific research
  • remembered for encouraging better approaches to surgery, learning about the body, experimenting and testing
  • Hunter also helped to improve understanding of human teeth, bone growth and remodelling
  • concepts perhaps not understood now - & things like dentistry not as advanced
  • methods improving the way people conducted scientific research as a whole
20
Q

when was the early modern period?

A

1500 - 1800

21
Q

how did hospitals change from the 18th century onwards?

A
  • treating disease became more important rather than just caring for patients
  • charity hospitals were opened - funded by the rich + offered largely free treatment to the poor
  • dispensaries provided free non-residential care to the poor
  • 19th-century hospitals founded ex. kings’ college hospital - used as training schools for doctors + to conduct scientific research
22
Q

who was Florence nightingale?

A

studied to become a nurse in 1849 - despite opposition from her family

23
Q

what is the short-term significance of Florence nightingale?

A
  • using methods she learnt from her training in Europe- ensured all wards clean + hygienic, water supplies were adequate + all patients fed properly
  • improved the barrack hospital a lot - before she arrived death rate 42% after 2 years fell to just 2%
24
Q

what is the long-term significance of Florence nightingale?

A
  • 1859 - published ‘notes on nursing’ - explained her methods + emphasised the need for professional attitude and hygiene
  • helped nursing become more disciplined
  • set up the nightingale school of nursing - nurses given 3 years of nursing before they could qualify
25
Q

what was smallpox like before edward jenner?

A
  • 1700s - smallpox one of the most deadliest diseases
  • 1751 - over 3500 people died from it in london alone
  • only way to prevent smallpox inoculation
26
Q

what was inoculation?

A

involved making a cut in the patient’s arm and soaking it in pus taken from the swelling of someone who already had a mild form of smallpox

27
Q

who was Edward Jenner?

A
  • discovered link between smallpox and cowpox
  • heard that milkmaids didn’t get smallpox but they did catch a much milder cowpox
  • using careful scientific methods - investigated + discovered that it was true that people who had cowpox didn’t get smallpox
  • published his findings in 1798
28
Q

how did Edward Jenner test his theory?

A

injected a small boy with the pus from the sores of a milkmaid with cowpox - Jenner then infected him with smallpox - he didn’t catch the disease

29
Q

how did edward jenner get opposition?

A
  • people were worried about getting a disease from cows
  • some doctors who gave the older type of inoculation saw it as a threat to their likelihood
  • when vaccination became compulsory in 1853 several groups were formed to campaign against it
30
Q

what did parliament do for jenner?

A
  • 1802 - parliament gave jenner £10,000 to open a vaccination clinic - gave him a further £20,000 a few years later
  • 1840 - vaccination against smallpox made free for infants
  • 1853 - vaccinatons cumpulsory
31
Q

how was vaccination a success?

A

contributed to a big fall in the number of smallpox cases in Britain

32
Q

what is a negative about Jenner?

A
  • Jenner didn’t know why this vaccine worked
  • lack of understanding meant he couldn’t develop any other vaccines
  • only possible after germ theory - when Pasteur + others worked hard to discover vaccines against other diseases
33
Q

what is the short-term significance of Jenner?

A

smallpox one of the biggest killer diseases in the 18th century - killed 30% of those who caught it - now its wiped out

34
Q

who was Louis Pasteur?

A
  • french chemist - proved that spontaneous generation was wrong
  • proved that there were germs in the air - showed that sterilised water in a sterilised flask stayed sterile but sterile water in an open flask bred germs
35
Q

when did louis pasteur publish his findings?

A
  • 1861 - published his germ theory - argued that microbes in the air caused decay not the other way round
36
Q

what else did pasteur publish?

A
  • in 1867 - Pasteur published evidence proving there was a link between germs and disease by demonstrating that germs caused a disease in silkworms
37
Q

what did the germ theory help?

A
  • inspired joseph lister to develop antiseptics - carbolic acid - lister thought germ theory might explain surgical infection
  • theory confirmed john snow’s findings about cholera
  • linked disease to poor living conditions - put pressure on govt to pass 1875 public health act
38
Q

significance of Louis Pasteur as an individual?

A

determined scientist despite suffering a stroke and losing his daughter to typhoid

39
Q

who was Robert Koch?

A

german doctor who applied Pasteur’s germ theory to human diseases - founder of bacteriology

40
Q

what was koch’s work?

A
  • his work went against the view that most germs were similar
  • identified the microbe responsible for anthrax in 1876
  • identified the deadly cholera germs in 1884
41
Q

what were robert koch’s methods?

A
  • discovered dyes to stain specific microbes so they stood out in front of a microscope
  • Koch’s team helped to train many young scientists to use his methods
42
Q

what are factors that helped pasteur and koch?

A
  • war - franco-Prussian war - rivalry
  • government - both pasteur and koch had a laboratory and a scientific team paid for by their governments
  • chance - accidental use of weakened chicken cholera germs gave the chickens immunity when infected with fresh strong germs; Pasteur inadvertently demonstrated how vaccines could give immunity + prevent disease
  • communication - news of Pasteur’s vaccine against anthrax spread by electric telegraph

history - medicine (5 decks)

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