Early experience and culture Flashcards
Give the two theories of the effect of early experience on relationships.
Bowlby’s Internal Working Model.
Social Learning Theory.
Outline Bowlby’s internal working model, there are four points.
- Adult attachment is based on early attachment.
- They mirror attachment types identified by Ainsworth. 3. Insecurity leads to less success in love and less belief in true love.
- Security leads to greater success and belief in love.
Give two studies which support Bowlby’s internal working model.
Hazan and Shaver (1987)
- Found there was a similar number of securely attached in adulthood as in Ainsworth’s study. Also found strong continuity between childhood and adulthood attachment types.
Waters (2000)
- A longitudinal study in which he found 72% of adults had received the same attachment classification at 12 months as they did at 20 years.
Give two studies which do not support Bowlby’s internal working model.
Lewis (2000)
- A prospective study which found continuity levels in attachment type of only 42% at 12 months and 18 years.
Rutter & Quinton (1988)
- Girls who had positive experiences at school could from insecure to secure attachment.
Give a negative IDA point of Bowlby’s internal working model. Another theory of attachment is used here
Nature vs nurture
- It places too much emphasis on nurture, ignoring the more complex approach of Kagan’s temperament hypothesis.
Give the 4 stages of social learning theory.
Observation, Retention, replication, motivation.
Give two studies that support the role of social learning theory in shaping attachment and relationships.
Gray & Steinberg (1999)
- Adolescents raised in a warm environment will be more prepared for intimacy at adulthood.
Moeller & Statin (2001)
- Boys who shared affectionate and trustworthy relationships with their father’s felt greater satisfaction in romantic relationships.
Give one positive and one negative IDA point regarding the role of social learning theory in shaping attachment and relationships. The negative point mentions an alternative approach.
Cultural differences
- It can easily explain cultural differences.
Nature vs nurture
- Too much based on nurture. Also neglects factors of Kagan’s temperament hypothesis.
Give two opposing characteristics of individualist and collectivist cultures.
Often capitalist vs often socialist/communist based.
Individual values and goals vs shared values and goals.
What is it called when an individual develops a certain type of behaviour as a result of the culture they are in?
Social transmission.
Give the three ways in which social transmission may occur.
Social learning.
Socialisation.
Conformity.
Give two supporting studies of social transmission (2002, 1993).
What aspect of social transmission do they support?
Zaidi and Shuraydi (2002)
- Most Canadian born women living in America with ancestors in collectivist countries (Pakistan) interviewed preferred Western style marriages. Their fathers did not.
S: Conformity.
Le Vine (1993)
- Collectivist cultures said they’d marry without love more than individualistic cultures. (49% vs 3.5%).
S: Socialisation and social learning theory.
Give an alternative study supporting social transmission (2001).
What aspect of social transmission does it support?
Give a methodological problem with the study.
Moore and Leung (2001)
- Positive attitudes towards love marriages supported by both Australians and Australian living Chinese.
S: Conformity.
P: Bad sample as the Chinese are likely to be upper class being educated in Australia and therefore aren’t going to have been sheltered from Western society.
Give a final study supporting social transmission (2008).
What aspect of social transmission does it support?
Madathil and Benshoff (2008)
- Asian indians living in America rated love highest out of all cultural variants.
S: Conformity.
Give a replication example which supports temporal shift in regards to social transmission.
Le Vine (1993) replicated Kephart (1967) and found wildly different results in individualist cultures. Le Vine found that only 3.5% of Americans said they would marry without live in 1993 but in 1967 Britain, 75.7% of women said they would.
