Early Europe Second Test

Question 1

King Alfred

Answer 1

King of Wessex r 871-899. Only remaining Ango-Saxon kingdom when “danes” (vikings) had taken over the rest of England. In a much-celebrated comeback, rallies troops and won battle of Eddington in 878. Eventually ended up taking back Kingdom of Mercia. During this time he was the only Anglo-saxon king. His successors, the kings of wessex, went on to become the kings of england as they conquered back the rest of the country. Also promoted role of learning in England.

Question 2

Hugh Capet

Answer 2

r987-996. Capetian dynasty of west francia/France is named after him. crowned Before him, the family was known as Robertians after Duke Robert the Strong. Robertians had been king, for example when Odo took over after death of Charles the Fat. Named after Hugh Capet because after him no more carolingians- his family were the kings of france. quite weak, controlling only the ile de france.
NEED DATES+MORE INFO

Question 3

Capetian Dynasty

Answer 3

Dynasty of French kings from 987. the first “Kings of France.” Named after Hugh Capet, first to rule without a Carolingian comeback. The first few were very weak, only ruling directly around Paris, would have had hard time commanding other Dukes to do his will. France ruled by this house and cadet branches of house from then on.

Question 4

Otto I (the Great)

Answer 4

r936-973. King and later emperor of east francia. Defeated Magyars at Lechfield in 955, Invaded italy in 951 and 962. Took Northern Italy, important to “imperial” claim. Fought magyars and Islamists as Christian acts. Crowned Emperor by pope, lead to his state being called “The Empire”, later the Holy Roman Empire. Had an Ottonian renaissance.

Question 5

Ottonian Dynasty

Answer 5

Dynasty of East Francian Kings. Called Ottonian because there are so many Ottos. First king was Henry the Saxon, elected by conclave of Dukes after death of last Carolingians. His son Otto the great made the family Emperors. Otto 2 married a Byzantine princess, putting them firmly in Emperor status. Dukes in less-fractured East Francia had some electoral power but power stayed with Ottonians.

Question 6

King Cnut

Answer 6

r 1014-1034. Danish king, son of Swein Forkbeard (r986-1014). His father had forged an unofficial north atlantic empire, controlling England, parts of sweden, and denmark. He spent most of his time in England. Ruled over a relatively prosperous and peaceful time. Northern Europe and England were somewhat united by Viking culture+conquests.

Question 7

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 7

Change in farming practices and economies of food from ca1000-1300. Aided by a warm climate and lack of plagues. Featured a cycle of greater population=more ability to work land=greater population. Bottom up approach: more peasants clearing land. Top down approach: there was self interest for lords to encourage more farming. New technologies such as better plows and three field crop rotation. Allowed doubling of crop yields, population of Europe to grow from 25-30 million to 60-85 million.

Question 8

Manorialism

Answer 8

A system of exploring land (fiefs) and people (serfs). Serfs were people whose families were tied to a piece of land and could not leave. They worked the land for the lord that owned it, keeping part of the fruit of the land for themselves and owing part of it to the lord, in addition to taxes on the land. Also included freeholders who owned the land and were not tied to it, and poor people who had no land. Feudal lords were ruthless, often demanding more than their serfs could deliver.

Question 9

Communes

Answer 9

System of govt for towns 1000-1300. Local lords and nobles essentially payed lord a yearly lump sum and were allowed to govern themselves. Also involved in the system of guilds, how men of a certain trade got together and had ranks that people could work up. Walled towns had control of who could enter and could not enter. Part of the huge growth of towns and urban life in the High Middle Ages.

Question 10

Cluniac Reforms

Answer 10

Named after the Monastery at Cluny in France. Founded in 910 by Duke William of Aquitaine, to ensure its (and his) continuing holiness, the monastery answered directly to the pope. Eventually many “daughter houses” sprung up across Western Europe, all reporting to the abbot at Cluny. First monastic order in Western Europe, putting the monasteries under control of the church inspired the Church to take greater control and set up a kind of separation of church and state.

Question 11

Gregorian Reforms

Answer 11

A series of reforms instituted in the 11th century by a number of different popes, mainly by Pope Gregory VII, started by Leo IX. The focus was on increasing the political power of the catholic church and to separate it from the secular world. Required clerical celibacy, ended simony (paying/bargaining for Church offices), and insisted on Papal appointment of bishops. Separated Church from the state power structure and led to controversies between emperor and pope over power to appoint bishops.

Question 12

Pope Gregory VII

Answer 12

Pope r1073-1085. Gregorian reforms named after him. Did a lot of the stuff named above. Was at the center of the investiture controversy. He declared Papal supremacy, Henry deposed him, he excommunicated Henry. Henry came south and asked for forgiveness humiliated.

Question 13

Emperor Henry IV

Answer 13

HREmperor r1056-1106. Long 40 yr reign. Was involved in investiture controversy with Greg 7. Henry deposed pope, pope excommed henry, henry didnt have support of nobels and ended up going to apologize to pope. Was humiliating but possibly brilliant political move. Allowed henry to make nice with pope but continue to ignore his wishes as much as he could within the empire. Later, pope gregory is exiled by henry’s supporters and henry appoints (CHECK THIS) next pope.

Question 14

Investiture Controversy

Answer 14

Dispute between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope over who had the authority to invest Bishops. Reached a climax in 1075 with the mutual excommunication/deposition of Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. Settled at the Concordat of Worms in 1122. Gave emperor limited right to propose candidates, but investiture rested with Pope. Redefined the relationship between the state and the church, resulted in less HREmperor power and more papal power.

Question 15

Concordat of Worms

Answer 15

Concordat of Worms in 1122. Between Henry V and Pope Calixtus II. Gave emperor limited right to propose candidates, but investiture rested with Pope. Settled the investiture controversy. Redefined the relationship between the state and the church, resulted in less HREmperor power and more papal power.

Question 16

Papal Monarchy

Answer 16

1059- papal election decree.Growth of the pope’s temporal power. Papacy started to take on role as monarchy, and rule like a king. Had courts, canon law. Many popes were from noble Italian families around rome. Papacy started to have territorial claims around central italy. Shows the increased power of the papacy and its political role in western europe.

Question 17

Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa

Answer 17

r1152-1190. Great Holy Roman Emperor. Gave empire title of “sacrum imperum”, canonized CTG. Tried to impose HRE rule over northern Italy, which for a while had been vague and nominal only. Failed to conquer them as Pope Alex III encouraged the formation of the lombard league of northern italian states. Had an antipope with him at all times. Drowned on Third Crusade. Exemplified rough relations between HRE and pope that continued even after concordat of worms.

Question 18

Pope Innocent III

Answer 18

Most important medieval Pope. Shrewd politician. 1198-1216. . Young and well educated when he took office. Oversaw the 4th Lateran council, some of the Crusades (importantly the fourth., the beginnings of European universities, and important european politics. Legitimized the mendicant orders. Has an action figure.

Question 19

Cistercian Order

Answer 19

Monastic order founded c1100. Grew out of benedictice system. Inspired by important figure/guiding light St Bernard. Believed in increasing spiritual and physical separation from the secular world and focusing on growing spiritually. Rejected child oblates, believed only adults could join. Precursor to other monastic orders that believed in separation from secular life.

Question 20

St Bernard of Clairvaux

Answer 20

1090-1153. Leading churchman of his day who inspired and guided the Cistercian Order. After he joined the order expanded greatly from x houses to x. Mentored several popes. Traveled the land preaching the second crusade, laying the groundwork for it.

Question 21

Waldensians

Answer 21

Founded by Waldes started late 1170s, a wealthy merchant in Lyon who publicly gave away everything he owned. Waldes was a layman but literate thanks to his business experience. Adopted the wandering, poor, preaching life of the Vita Apostolica. His moral revolt against wealth attracted followers, however Pope Alexander III told him to stop preaching. Shows an early Church attitude towards Va orders that is later reversed.

Question 22

Cathars

Answer 22

AKA Albigensians heresy in Southern France. Unknown and debated how organized they were. Essentially, they featured Manichean ideas about dualism. Saw universe as good and evil, a dualist view. Quite distant from catholic church orthodoxy. Part of a huge number of heresies in southern france. Disliked by the church so much that eventually a crusade was called against them. in 1209 that eventually succeeded in wiping them out.

Question 23

St Francis of Assisi

Answer 23

1181-1226. Son of an italian merchant who around the age of 20 renounced his comfortable life, and in a series of dramatic gestures showed his commitment to a Vita Apostolica life of poverty. Founded the order Frates Minores, the “lesser brothers.” Completely embraced the poor, helping the poor, and poverty. With relatively few followers sought acceptance from Pope. Innocent III had different ideas than predecessor, legitimized the Franciscan order. One of the mendicant orders that became essential to Catholic church, current Pope Francis took his name.

Question 24

St Dominic

Answer 24

1170-1221. Spanish aristocratic background, priest and canon there-unlike layman Francis. Traveled to Southern France with his friend the bishop Diego. Inspired by the heresies there to preach the true words of the church, but in a more poverty-oriented way than the aloof Cistercians. Founded the Frates Pradicators, the preaching brothers. A Va order similar to Francis’ but focused on preaching. Institutionalized the apostolic life into the catholic church.

Question 25

St Clare of Assisi

Answer 25

died 1253, one of Francis’s earliest followers. Was a woman, which meant that her role in society was limited as the hierarchies in medieval life tightened. Wanted to join Francis and his followers in Vita Apostolica, but the best Francis could do for her was to make her into a kind of nun. Fought for 40 years to be recognized, eventually won the right from the Pope to live as a poor nun inclosed in a nunnery. The fact that this was a victory shows these peoples’ commitment to their ideals, and how much a woman can achieve. Canonized 1255.

Question 26

Peter Abelard

Answer 26

1079-1142. From a minor noble family in Brittany. Came to the cathedral school of paris, ambition to be the best that he can be. Does, becomes a master logician at the Paris school. Went to lyon to challenge their theology, got kicked out for kicking their ass. Tutored and knocked up and married eloise. Applied Dialectic logic to theology, an approach that would become very important later on. Fought with St Bernard over the orthodoxy of it, he lost his job and his work declared heresy. Wrote Sic et Non, a book asking questions and applying the both-sides Dialectian logic to it.

Question 27

Heloise

Answer 27

died 1164. Niece of Canon of Notre Dame, Fulbart. Unable to study at cathedral schools, her uncle sends her to be tutored by Abelard. He tutors her, she was a brilliant student who has been educated at a monastery in her younger days. She gets pregnant by him, he marries her in secret, they are broken up, Abelard is castrated and she is sent to a monastery. They keep corresponding. Shows what a woman can achieve in the time (?)

Question 28

Scholastisicm

Answer 28

Intellectual trend/tradition from the 12th/11 century. Applied Dialectian logic of aristotle to the world and to theology. Posed a question, present strongest arguments for each side, use logical means to show which argument is correct. Replaces emotion-based convincing, based on incontrovertible facts. Moved scholastic world beyond what Boethius wrote, great inteectual advance in medieval europe

Question 29

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 29

1225-1274. Dominican friar. Connected catholic theology to scholastic ideas in a big way. So important to the church that his writings became canon in Catholic orthodoxy. Worked for 20 years on a faith/logical understanding of the universe. Believed that logical processes (pose question, argue it through, why is one wrong, build on it) is the best to get closer to god. Faith=god=truth. Wrote the Summa Theologica, very important and influential work.

Question 30

Reconquista

Answer 30

Northern Spanish Christian kingdoms of Leon, Castille, Aragon (majors) reconquered Spain from Muslims from 1000s-1300. Important battles include the Conquest of Toledo in 1085, and the Conquest of Tolosa in 1212. By 1300 everything was Christian-controlled except for Grenada, conquered 1492. Very multicultural population in spain up until now with jewish and muslims living there. Inspired crusader spirit of “re”claiming Christian lands from muslims. Modern kingdoms of Spain and Portugal originated out of this.

Question 31

First Crusade

Answer 31

1095 Pope Urban II preaches first crusade. Said at council of clardon, The eastern emps asked for xtian help to reclaim lands. Based on Gregorian ideals that peace of God should be among christians, just war vs Muslims. Preached by bishops across western europe, incredible response inspired by real religious fervor. Had success- Battle of Antioch, captured jerusalem. Slaughtered everyone in Jerusalem. First crusade which were very important middle ages events.

Question 32

Pope Urban II

Answer 32

r 1088-1099. Organized 1st Crusade. Pope who opposed henry IV of HRE in investiture controversy.

Question 33

Fourth Crusade

Answer 33

1201-1204. Crusade launched by Innocent III to holy land from BOATs this time. However, needed boats from Venice, to be payed by plunder. Only half of needed crusaders show up, not enough money. Venice says: sack Zara, will settle debt. Despite Innocent’s disapproval, they they got involved in a byzantine power dispute. They went on to sack constantinople and establish 60yr latin emperor til 1261. Showed disorganization of crusades, more lasting division between churches, weakness of late constaninople.

Question 34

Louis VI

Answer 34

r1108-1137. Called “the fat.” Controlling only the “île de france”, he consolidated his power over it by fighting the local lords who controlled the land around it by owning castles. Successfully subduing them, he leveraged its strength (2 growing cathedral cities) to start using his own officials to impose his will on the kingdom (prevots and bailies.) Cultivated relationship with Popes.

Question 35

Louis VII

Answer 35

r1137-1180.Early in his reign, looked like he would be a huge deal, married heiress to Duchy of Aquitaine, and was first king to go Crusading. However, neither of these work, the 2nd crusade is a failure and Eleanor and him stop getting along and get a consanguinity divorce. married 1137, divorced 1152.

Question 36

William the Conqueror

Answer 36

r 1066-1087 (King of England). Duke of normandy, called “the bastard”. After edward the confessor died childless, one of three claimants to british throne. Invaded, beat Harold Godwinson at Battle of Hastings 1066. Displaced Anglo-Saxon nobility and replaced them with normals loyal to him. Much more powerful than king of france cause he had strength of conqueror. Ended rule of Anglo-Saxons in England, completely changed nature of English kingdom.

Question 37

Henry I

Answer 37

r. 1100-1135. King of England who reformed state apparatus. Established an exquecher to track the state’s money, a system of itinerant royal justices, and wrote writs that were obeyed. His death resulted in 20 yrs of civil war between his daugher, her husband Geoffrey, and stephen of blois. Lay down the sophisticated machinery of office that is still part of our state bureaucracy.

Question 38

Henry II

Answer 38

r. 1154-89. King of England. Ruled over what is now called the Angevin Empire, consisting of England, normandy, anjou, and aquitaine. Married Eleanor of Aquitaine, gained that duchy. In addition to controlling huge amounts of land, expanded on the first henry’s state bureaucracy. Circuit courts, local juries, more use of exquecher, lots of archiving. Standardized writs that look like modern suing. Greatly strengthened english position and established basis of english common law.

Question 39

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Answer 39

ca. 1122-1204 Woman who was the owner of the Duch of Aquitaine. Married first to Louis VII, they separate through a consanguinity excuse after he fails crusading and they become unhappy (plus, no male heirs.) Then marries Henry II of England- giving the king of england the territory of Aquitaine. Her land was a great prize that was super important to the middle ages.

Question 40

King John of England

Answer 40

r1199-1216. King of England, widely considered to be a bad king. Stubborn, mercurial, unloved. A number of cowardly/disastrous foreign policy acts resulted in a great loss of prestige and land for the Kingdom of England. His taking of a woman betrothed to one of his vassals lead to the vassal turning to Phil 2 of France, lead to Phillip confiscating all of John’s lands in France except Duchy of Aquitaine. No-show at Battle of Bouvine in 1214 was another default victory for France. Forced to sign Magna Carta by nobles. Terrible rule shaped later English kingdom by making it an isolated island and agreeing that king doesn’t have unlimited power.

Question 41

Magna Carta

Answer 41

“Great Charter” signed by King John in 1215. Limited power of King, limited his ability to take unilateral action by forcing him to consult barons before some decisions. Forced on king J by barons in rebellion against his unpopular rule. After its signing was ignored by John and some of his successors, even though the Provisions of Oxford reaffirmed some if its core ideas. Though no democratic or human rights aspirations were involved in creating it, it was the beginning of a constitutional monarchy in the UK, the idea that the power of the king can be limited by the kingdom. Compare to the absolutist system in france.

Question 42

Edward I of England

Answer 42

r1272-1307. Grandson of John, son of Henry III. A good king with a power balance with his nobles, unlike his father and grandfather. Parliament became a factor during his reign, an extension of the baron-consulting in the Magna Carta. This early parliament called land-holders from all over the realm to come together, advise king and gather tax money. Parliament still expected to follow wishes of king. Edward was a strong military leader, though his fighting was confined to Great Britain.

Question 43

Phillip II of France

Answer 43

r. 1180-1223. Called “augustus”. Crusading buddy and later rival of Richard I Lionheart. Confiscated Angevin Empire lands from John I, hugely increasing the land and power that the French king had, having previously only controlled the “île de france.” Cultivated image as “Rex Christianissmus”, strengthened ties with Papacy. Implemented beginnings of bureaucracy to deal with new French lands, allowing local laws and customs to stay in place. Dramatically increased power and prestige of French kings, paving way for divine absolute monarchy.

Question 44

Louis IX of France

Answer 44

r1226-1270. Build on Phillip II’s image of divine/sacred monarchy. Extremely pious and religiously driven king, canonized in 1297 after his death. Almost came back from dead once, attributed to will of god. Believed that there should be good rule at home in order for him to go off and crusade. Appointed “enqueteurs” to travel the kingdom redressing grievances, to set kingdom in order. Died in N Africa on the second of his two crusades. Remembered as a good king, helped reinforce idea of divine French monarchy.

Question 45

Blanche of Castille

Answer 45

Early 13th Century. Mother of Louis IX. Ruled during his minority for 8 years. Was a competent ruler, putting down rebellions. Deeply religious, raised all of her children with idea of god watching them, watching king of france. Instilled her son with the idea that god is watching, do right by him. Shaped the character of Louis IX.

Question 46

Phillip IV of France

Answer 46

r1285-1314. Called “the fair”. Continuing tradition of his predecessors, greatly increased the bureaucracy of the French kingdom. Ruled through a Parlement of Paris (a Court, not a representative chamber), the Chambre des Comptes (treasury, like England exquecher) and the estates-general, a representative body that met occasionally. Had Louis IX canonized. Showcased how much the French king had strengthened compared to early Capetians, and the different way it had happened compared to in England.

Question 47

Inquisitors

Answer 47

Papal officials that traveled Europe hunting down heresies. At first, they were more concerned with associations between people (housing, friendship etc) than being thought police. Crucially, their actions were to them exactly rational. Relied on support of local figures both secular and religious to implement their rulings. Punishments ranged from being force to wear a yellow cross to execution for repeat offenders. Essential part of persecution society of the Middle Ages.

Question 48

Pope Gregory IX

Answer 48

r1227-1241. Pope that instituted the inquisitors to travel across Europe. Sent mostly dominicans around Europe to preach and offer penance to heretics. Was also rival of HRE Frederick II, excommunicating him twice and was fanatically determined to wipe out his family. Initial unfriendliness due to Hohenstaufen’s possention of Sicily, hemming in the Pope’s position. His reign showed two of the major political issues in 13th Century Western Europe, relationship between HRE and pope and the emergence of the persecution state.

Question 49

Albigensian Crusade

Answer 49

1209. A crusade called against the County of Toulouse by pope Innocent III. Toulouse had long resisted the authority of Popes and Kings of France. A papal legate there was murdered, enraging the Pope and setting off a crusade. He turned the apparatus of Crusade inward on Europe. Indulgences available, support called from secular European powers. Vicious, bloody fighting that mostly succeeded in wiping out the heretics. Helped form the “persecution society” where there were structures and apparatuses to marginalize and persecute minorities.

Question 50

Emperor Frederick II

Answer 50

r.1215-1250. Holy Roman Emperor and king of sicily. Long standing feud with Pope, though briefly. Was raised and lived in Sicily, disliked his German lands, his attitude towards it allowed the nobles to gain autonomy that would characterize the HRE in the future. Had a strange, multicultural upbringing, no formal education but spoke 6 languages and was familiar with Arab culture- helped him negotiate him gaining Jerusalem. Saw himself as a messianic figure, so hated by pope that he was called Antichrist.

Question 51

Charles of Anjou

Answer 51

1226-1285. Count of Anjou. brother of louis IX. After Frederick II’s death, his family stopped being HREs, but some of his illegitimate sons waged war in southern Italy over their father’s claim there. Charles of Anjou responded to the Pope’s call for a Crusade against them. Conquered Sicily in 1266, ruled as King.

Question 52

Ghenghis Khan

Answer 52

1162-1227. Great Mongolian leader who united Mongolian tribes under his rule and then launched a westward conquest that became the greatest land empire in history. Conquered south into china and then westward. After his death, conquests were continued by his son Ogedei. Mongol raids caused huge destruction as far westward as Poland and Hungary, but never threatened western europe. Still, they were feared. Cultural interactions with West included franciscan missionaries who traveled west and reported back about mongols. These interactions plus the huge conquests dramatically reshaped western Europe’s view of the size of the world and their place in it.

Question 53

Marco Polo

Answer 53

Italian merchant who wrote famous account of his travels to China. His father and uncle had previously had an expedition to China, he left with them on another in 1247. Returned in 1295. In a genoese jail, dictated an account of the enormous wealth and power of chinese kingdoms. During his time in the east he traveled to Beijing and Karakorum, and was the first European to describe Japan. Different from previous eastward travelers because he traveled east for trading, not religious purposes. His account became enormously popular in Europe and shaped the way Europeans viewed the outside world

Question 54

Fourth Lateran Council

Answer 54

1215. Theological council under Pope Innocent III. Declared a number of new canons (church laws). Driven by the rational approach popular in that era of Europe and by Innocent III’s shrewd political vision. New canons included yearly confession required, so people stay in church, and calling for a new crusade. Part of the persecution society that appeared around this time in the middle ages.

Question 55

Chretien de Troyes

Answer 55

Medieval French author, 1135-1183. Wrote “romances”, a type of medieval literature. Wrote Le chavalier de la “ Wrote arthur of round table- first surviving arthur stories- lancelot and card. his book presented moral choices without clear resolutions that presented choices between love and honor- such as lancelot and cart.
married daugher of el of aq and louis 7.

Question 56

Marie de France

Answer 56

c1190. Author of lais and fables, essentially medieval short stories. Very well known in her day. Was

Question 57

Chretien de troyes

Answer 57

ca. 1135-1182. French writer of romances, works of literature in the local vernacular language. Famous in his day, worked for countess of champaign. Wrote the first King Arthur stories, for example “Chevalier de la charette”. In this story of Lancelot rescuing gwenevere, he is presented with the option of riding in a cart which would besmirch his honor, or reducing his love. This choice between love and honor is typical of medieval literature.

Question 58

Marie de France

Answer 58

died 1190. In an era where women were marginalized from normal education but were strongly associated with reading and ting. Wrote fables and lais, essentially medieval short stories. Wrote about Lanval and his secret lover, which shows medieval themes of forbidden love and temptation.