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Veterinary Developmental Anatomy (Embryology) > Early Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Early Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

defined as the state of embryonic development marked by rearrangement of the cells of the embryonic disk

A

Gastrulation

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2
Q

During gastrulation, three parallel tissues called germ layer are formed. What are these?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm or Entoderm

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3
Q

Why is gastrulation considered a critical period of embryonic development?

A

Because during this period the potentials of a particular tissue to develop into organs begin to be restricted. Also, during this period developing organs become more sensitive to external agents (teratogens) which produce birth defects.

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4
Q

When does gastrulation occur in primates and domestic animals?

A

It starts at the end of the second week of gestation. Meanwhile in laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits, start several days earlier.

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5
Q

What do you call the cavity of the hypoblast tube?

A

Archenteron or Primitive Gut

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6
Q

epiblast cells delaminate from the inner surface of the embryonic disk and expand beneath the trophoblast to form a thin continuous sheet lining the interior of the blastocyst and forming a tube of hypoblast inside a tube of trophoblast

A

Mammalian Blastula Stage

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7
Q

a relatively small area of the blastocyst when compared to the extraembryonic trophoblast

A

Formation of the primitive streak

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8
Q

study of the prenatal development of an organism

A

Embryology

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9
Q

It is the study of the growth and differentiation of an organism from zygote into a highly complex and independent living being like its parents.

A

Embryology

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10
Q

formation of the body structures and organs

A

Embryogenesis and Organogenesis

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11
Q

increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell
division

A

Cell Proliferation

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12
Q

result of cells expressing some genes and suppressing others within
a common genome

A

Cell Differentiation

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13
Q

branch of embryology that deals with the causes and results of abnormal development or congenital malformation

A

Teratology

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14
Q

an abnormality that arises during prenatal development due to hereditary or environmental factors

A

Congenital Malformation or Congenital Defect

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15
Q

a developmental disturbance that involves an organ or a portion of
an organ

A

Anomaly

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16
Q

a developmental disturbance that involves several organs and causes great distortion of the individual

A

Monstrosity

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17
Q

cell division that results in two daughter cells having diploid number of chromosomes that are identical to the parent cell

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

sheet of cells which gives rise to all tissues and organs of the body

A

Germ Layer

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19
Q

What are some functions of Ectoderm?

A

Ectoderm gives rise to the epidermis of the skin, nervous
tissues and some skeletal and connective tissues of the head.

20
Q

What are some functions of Mesoderm?

A

It gives rise to most of the skeletal and muscular tissues, the heart and blood vessels and the urogenital system (kidney, ovary and testis).

21
Q

The germ layer form the lining of the digestive (stomach, intestine) and respiratory (trachea, bronchus) tracts.

A

Endoderm

22
Q

single layer or several layer of cells that rest on a basal lamina and are closely joined together at their lateral surfaces

A

Epithelium

23
Q

lines blood vessels

A

Endothelium

24
Q

lines body cavities and covers the surfaces of visceral organs
contained in these cavities

A

Mesothelium

25
Q

a group of loosely and irregularly arranged cells separated by a large amount of extracellular matrix

A

Mesenchyme

26
Q

a tissue which connects and support other tissues of the body

A

Connective tissue

27
Q

process of development and maturation of sex cells called gametes

A

Gametogenesis

28
Q

mature reproductive cells capable of fertilization

A

gametes

29
Q

What are the three functions the gametes must accommodate?

A

a. survive in environment different from that of the gonad
b. recognize homologous cells of the other gender and participate in events related to fertilization
c. provide sufficient genetic and cytoplasmic materials to support development of a new organism

30
Q

refers to the development and maturation of female gamete (ovum)

A

Oogenesis

31
Q

refers to the maturation and development of male gametes (spermatozoa)

A

Spermatogenesis

32
Q

After the primordial cells migrate to the embryonic gonad, the primordial cells differentiates into […] in order to undergo mitosis.

A

Spermatogonia (Diploid Cells)

33
Q

What are the specialized tubules inside the testes where the development of spermatozoa are formed?

A

Seminiferous tubules

34
Q

Increase production of these hormone stimulates spermatogonia to enter Meiosis I.

A

Testosterone

35
Q

When does the primary spermatocytes complete Meiosis I to give rise to two secondary spermatocytes?

A

During sexual maturity.

36
Q

What process does the secondary spermatocytes undergo in order to give birth to spermatids?

A

Meiosis II

37
Q

The transformation of spermatids to become spermatozoa.

A

Morphogenesis or Spermiogenesis

38
Q

It is where sperm cells are stored and continue to mature until released to the outside environment.

A

Epididymis

39
Q

indicates the location of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the zygote

A

embryonic disk (blastodisk)

40
Q

develops during the 2nd week following the rupture of the zona pellucida

A

Blastocyst

41
Q

It is the surface cells of blastocyst.

A

Trophoblast

42
Q

fluid-filled cavity formed during blastulation stage

A

blastocoel

43
Q

During early blastula stage, trophoblasts overlying the inner cell mass eventually degenerate, exposing the inner cell mass which is now called the […]

A

embryonic disk

44
Q

True or False.

During early stage of blastula stage, zona pellucida ruptures and the blastocyst hatches and elongates.

A

False. It happens during late blastula stage.

45
Q

defines the longitudinal axis of the embryo and indicates the start of germ layer formation

A

primitive streak

46
Q

It is the fifth and last stage of early embryonic development

A

Neurulation

Veterinary Developmental Anatomy (Embryology) (1 decks)

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