Early Elizabethan England Flashcards
What year did Elizabeth I become queen?
1558
Elizabeth I ascended to the throne at the age of 25.
What significant policy was introduced in 1559?
Religious settlement
This settlement aimed to establish a compromise between Catholic and Protestant practices.
What was the Treaty of Edinburgh, and when was it signed?
1560
The treaty was crucial for Elizabeth as it helped secure her throne.
What action did the Pope take in 1566 regarding Catholics?
Ordered Catholics to refuse church services
This was a significant moment in the conflict between Catholics and Protestants.
What major event occurred in the Netherlands in 1566?
Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule
This revolt was part of the broader context of Protestant resistance in Europe.
Who arrived in England in 1568?
Mary Queen of Scots
Her arrival posed a significant threat to Elizabeth I’s reign.
What was the Revolt of the Northern Earls, and when did it occur?
1569
This revolt was an attempt by Catholic nobles to overthrow Elizabeth I.
Who was Mary Tudor?
Elizabeth’s older sister who died in 1558 and was the wife of Philip II
Mary Tudor was also known as Mary I of England.
Who was Philip II?
King of Spain and a threat to Elizabeth
His marriage to Mary Tudor strengthened Spain’s influence in England.
What was the role of the Duke of Alba?
Spanish nobleman sent by Philip to stop the Dutch revolt in the Netherlands
His actions contributed to tensions between England and Spain.
Who was Mary Queen of Scots?
Second cousin of Elizabeth, Catholic, and a threat to Elizabeth
Her claim to the English throne made her a focal point for Catholic plots.
What is the Pope’s significance in this context?
Head of the Catholic Church
The Pope supported Catholic claims to the English throne, including that of Mary Queen of Scots.
Who succeeded Elizabeth to the English throne?
Son of Mary Queen of Scots, King of Scotland
This refers to James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England.
Who was William Cecil?
Elizabeth’s Secretary of State
He played a crucial role in the administration of Elizabeth’s government.
What was Robert Dudley’s title?
The Earl of Leicester and an influential Protestant
Dudley was known to be Elizabeth’s favorite and was involved in court politics.
Who was Thomas Percy?
Earl of Northumberland and a leading Northern Earl, Catholic
He was involved in plots against Elizabeth’s rule.
Who was Charles Neville?
Earl of Westmorland and a leading Northern Earl, Catholic
Like Percy, he played a significant role in the Northern Earls’ rebellion.
What was Thomas Howard’s title and religious affiliation?
Duke of Norfolk, Protestant
He supported the Revolt of Northern Earls and sought to marry Mary Queen of Scots.
What is legitimacy in the context of Elizabeth’s reign?
Being the rightful heir to the throne, Catholics questioned Elizabeth’s legitimacy.
What does succession refer to?
The question of who would rule after Elizabeth.
Who are considered nobility?
Those at the top of the social hierarchy, such as Dukes and Lords, usually rich and powerful.
What is debt?
Money owed. Elizabeth inherited £300,000 debt from her sister Mary I.
What is the Church of England?
Established by Henry VIII as an English alternative to religious rule by the pope.
Who is a Protestant?
A follower of the Church of England who believed in prayer and bible study.
What defines a Puritan?
A radical Protestant who saw the bible as the literal truth.
Who is a Catholic?
A follower of the Pope, with church services and the bible in Latin, wanting crucifixes and vestments.
What is the Papacy?
The office of the Pope.
What does ‘Virgin Queen’ refer to?
Elizabeth, who didn’t marry and was married to her nation.
What was the religious landscape of France during Elizabeth’s reign?
Mainly Catholic, but there was a growing group of Protestants, posing a threat to England.
What was Spain’s role during Elizabeth’s reign?
Catholic and the most powerful country, considered the main threat to England.
What was the situation in the Netherlands?
Controlled by Spain, but the population was mostly Protestant.
What happened in Scotland after the Treaty of Edinburgh?
Originally Catholic, but Protestant Lords took over.
What was the religious settlement?
Elizabeth’s laws on religion, attempting to please all religions and impose her will.
What was the Act of Supremacy?
Part of the Religious Settlement, declaring Elizabeth as Governor of the Church of England, requiring an oath of allegiance.
What did the Treaty of Edinburgh establish?
Established Protestant Lords in charge of Scotland, with Mary remaining Queen, but she was supposed to give up her claim to Elizabeth’s throne (she didn’t!).
What was the Dutch revolt?
Dutch Protestants rebelled against Spanish control, encouraged by Elizabeth.
What was the Genoese loan?
A loan from Genoa to Philip to pay soldiers in the Netherlands, which Elizabeth stole.
What does excommunication mean?
Being cut off from the Catholic Church, meaning Elizabeth was no longer seen as God’s representative on earth, making it not a sin to try to overthrow her.
