Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 ( Queen,Government and religion - Challenges to Elizabeth at home and abroad) Flashcards

1
Q

Give 2 reasons why Elizabeth’s gender was a problem when she became queen.

A

1) There was a belief that women were weak and this made England vulnerable to invasion.
2) Concerns over who she would marry because she was a women and the man would have a lot of power.

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2
Q

Why was religion a problem for Elizabeth when she became queen?

A
  • England had been through years of religious change and turmoil
  • The country was still split between Catholics and Protestants.
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3
Q

Why was Elizabeth’s legitimacy questioned by some in England?

A
  • Henry VIII had declared Elizabeth illegitimate soon after he executed her mother (Anne Boleyn).
  • Catholics do not recognize divorce so believed Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn was not legitimate because he had supposedly divorced Catherin of Aragon his previous wife.
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4
Q

From which country did Elizabeth face the most serious threat of invasion when she became queen in 1558?

A

France

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5
Q

Which body had to be consulted if Tudor monarchs wanted more money?

A

Parliament.

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6
Q

How many times did Parliament meet during Elizabeth’s 45 year reign?

A

13

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7
Q

What was the name of the body of Elizabeth’s advisors?

A

The Privy Council.

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8
Q

How many men sat on the privy council?

A

19 and this was the total number of members of the privy council.

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9
Q

What was the name given to the growing middle class?

A

The gentry. William Cecil was a member of the gentry.

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10
Q

How much debt did Elizabeth inherit when she became queen?

A

£300,000

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11
Q

What were 2 of Elizabeth’s aims regarding religion?

A

1) To unite Catholics and Protestants.

2) To gain power over the church.

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12
Q

Wo was Sir Francis Walshingham?

A

He was a close advisor of Elizabeth and her spymasters.

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13
Q

Who was Robert Dudley the Earl of Leicester?

A

He was a leading Nobleman, advisor and favourite of Queen Elizabeth.

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14
Q

What did Elizabeth do in 1559 to solve the issue of religious division?

A

She created the Religious Settlement.

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15
Q

Give 2 prominent features of the Religious Settlement of 1559.

A

1) The act of Supremacy.

2) The act of Uniformity.

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16
Q

Give 3 features of the act of Supremacy in 1559.

A

1) It re-established the break from Rome and an independent Church of England and all members of the clergy had to swear an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth.
2) Elizabeth was Supreme Governor (not head) of the Church of England. This meant Catholics could still recognise the Pope as head of the Church.
3) To please Catholics she kept Archbishops and Bishops.

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17
Q

Give 6 features of the Act of Uniformity.

A

1) Catholic Mass was abandoned.
2) The Bible was written in English (to please Protestants).
3) Ornaments such as crosses and candles could be placed on the communion table (to please Catholics).
4) Priests had to wear traditional-style vestments (to please Catholics).
5) Clergy were allowed to marry.
6) Failure to attend church meant you could be fined.

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18
Q

How were the Act of Uniformity and the Act of Supremacy viewed at the time?

A

The majority were happy but Puritans and extreme Catholics thought it gave too much away to the “other side”.

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19
Q

Geographically, where was Catholicism strongest in England at the time?

A

The North of England

20
Q

What is a puritan?

A

An extreme protestant who wanted to remove anything Catholic

21
Q

How many priests and bishops took the oath of supremacy?

A
  • 8000 priests took the oath of supremacy showing their support for the acts introduced.
  • Only 1 bishop took the oath, so 27 new bishops were appointed.
22
Q

Name two events/ features of the Crucifix controversy.

A
  • Elizabeth wanted crucifixes in Churches. However, Puritans did not like crucifixes.
  • Several Puritan Bishops threatened to resign. There were not enough suitable replacement bishops so the Queen backed down and removed crucifixes from the church.
23
Q

Name two events/ features of the vestment controversy.

A
  • Elizabeth wanted priests to wear special vestments (clothes) but many Puritan priests refused.
  • A special exhibition was held in London to show what vestment they should wear.
  • Of the 110 priests invited 37 refused to attend and this meant that they lost their posts.
24
Q

How did the Pope challenge Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement, and what was the impact of this?

A

He issued a statement in 1566 that Catholics should not attend protestant church service. This had virtually no impact as Elizabeth allowed most Catholics to privately worship.

25
Q

What portion of the nobility were Catholic?

A

1/3 of the nobility were Catholic.

26
Q

Why were some Catholic nobles unhappy with the Religious Settlement?

A

Elizabeth chose to have Protestant advisors as a result of the Religious Settlement so they found their political power and influence decrease.

27
Q

What is a heretic?

A

People who didn’t believe the teachings of the Catholic Church.

28
Q

What is a recusant?

A

Someone who refuses to attend Church of England services.

29
Q

How did Elizabeth reduce the threat of France?

A

Elizabeth signed the treaty of Troyes confirming that Calais belonged to France in 1564.

30
Q

Give two reasons why Spain was unhappy with Elizabeth in 1559.

A

1) Elizabeth had supported Protestants in the Netherlands.
2) Elizabeth had stolen gold from a Spanish ship.
3) Elizabeth had refused to marry King Phillip II

31
Q

Why was Mary Queen of Scots a threat to Elizabeth in 1568?

A

1) She was next in line to the throne. Her grandmother was Margaret Tudor and her great grandfather was Henry VIII. She also had an heir James.
2) She had close links with France through her French mother, first husband (King of France) and she had spent her childhood in France. This meant that the French might support her claim to the throne.
3) She was Catholic and had the support of many Catholic nobles in England who did not believe that Elizabeth was a legitimate Queen.

32
Q

How did Elizabeth deal with Mary in 1568?

A

Elizabeth put Mary under house arrest.

33
Q

In what year did the Pope introduce a Bull excommunication Elizabeth?

A

1570

34
Q

Why was the Pope excommunicating Elizabeth significant?

A

It was significant because English Catholics did not have to be loyal to Elizabeth.

35
Q

When was the treason act?

A

1571

36
Q

What did the Treason Act of 1571 state?

A

Anyone denying Elizabeth’s supremacy and bringing in the Pope’s Bull of Excommunication will be executed.

37
Q

When was the Northern rebellion?

A

November 1569

38
Q

Give 3 religious reasons why the Northern nobles were unhappy with Elizabeth in the 1560s.

A

1) Catholics wanted restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch and the arrival of Mary Queen of Scotts in 1568 gave them hope that Elizabeth could be replaced.
2) Hatred of Elizabeth’s religious settlement.
3) Elizabeth had appointed James Pilkington (Protestant) as Archbishop of Durham.

39
Q

Give 2 political reasons why the Northern nobles were unhappy with Elizabeth in the 1560s?

A

1) They thought that their power and influence over the monarch was was reducing. Elizabeth preferred Protestant advisors from non-noble families. Hatred of William Cecil.
2) Elizabeth had increased her control of the north through Council of the North - the council was controlled by protestants and the nobles resented this.

40
Q

Why was the Duke of Northumberland angry with Elizabeth?

A

Elizabeth had taken large areas of land from him and shared them between protestants. Elizabeth had also claimed all profits from copper mines discovered on his land.

41
Q

Name three important figures who took part in the northern rebellion.

A

The Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Northumberland and Earl of Westmoreland.

42
Q

Who did the earls wants to replace Elizabeth with as queen of England?

A

Mary Queen of Scots.

43
Q

Which city did the nobles capture and what did they do at the cathedral there?

A
  • Durham

- They Celebrated Catholic Mass.

44
Q

Why did the rebellion fail?

A
  • Large royal army of 10,000 met rebels - this army was in support of Elizabeth.
  • Little support for revolt among majority of Catholic nobility and ordinary people.
  • Spain/Pope’s promise of military support did not happy.
45
Q

What happened to the nobles after they were defeated?

A

-400-600 of those involved were executed including Northumberland although not until 1572. Others fled to Scotland/ abroad.

46
Q

What were the impacts of the Northern rebellion?

A
  • Elizabeth confiscated the land of the Earls who rebelled making her stronger.
  • The reorganising of the Northern Council strengthened her position.
  • Norfolk was released after 9 months in the tower of London.
  • She became less tolerant of Catholics. Recusancy (not attending church) was punished more harshly.
  • The Pope excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570.
47
Q

What did Pope Pius do in 1570 and how did this increased the Catholic threat to Elizabeth?

A

The Pope issued a Papal Bull excommunicating Elizabeth I. Meant Catholics no longer had to obey her - they became encouraged to overthrow her.