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Anatomy > Early Development Of The Human Body > Flashcards

Early Development Of The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Gestation

A

The period required for the full development of a fetus in utero

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2
Q

Pre-embryonic stage

A

The first two weeks of prenatal development

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3
Q

Embryo

A

A developing human during weeks 3-8

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4
Q

Fetus

A

Developing human from 9 weeks to birth

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5
Q

Haploid gametes

A

An egg and a sperm

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6
Q

Zygote

A

A single diploid cell formed from fused gametes

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7
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Protective cells that surround the zygote

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8
Q

Cleavage

A

Rapid mitotic cell divisions

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9
Q

Blastomere

A

Daughter cell produced by cleavage

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10
Q

Although each division results in more cells, it _______ increase the size of the zygote.

A

Does not

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11
Q

Morula

A

A compacted 16 cell zygote that reaches the uterus 3 days after fertilization.

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12
Q

Blastocoele

A

Fluid filled cavity of a blastula

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13
Q

Blastocyst

A

A mammalian blastula in which some differentiation of cells has occurred

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14
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Group of cells that form in the blastocyst that will later become the embryo

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15
Q

Trophoblast

A

Cells forming outer layer of blastocyst which provides nutrients to the embryo and develops into the chorionic sac and fetal portion of placenta

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16
Q

Chorionic sac

A

The outermost fetal membrane around the embryo in mammals, birds, and reptiles

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17
Q

Placenta

A

Organ of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between the mother and the developing offspring

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18
Q

Hatching

A

As blastocyst forms, the trophoblast excreted enzymes that degrade the Zona pellucida which allows the blastocyst to break free in prep for implantation

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19
Q

At the end of the _______ week, the blastocyst comes in contact with the uterine wall and adheres to it, embedding itself in the endometrium via the trophoblast

A

First

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20
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

Space that opens up between the two layered disc, made from the cells of the inner cell mass, and the trophoblast in the 2nd week

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21
Q

Epiblast

A

Cells from the upper layer of the disc that extend around the amniotic cavity, creating a membranous sac that forms into the amnion

22
Q

Amnion

A

Membranous sac made from epiblast that fills with amniotic fluid and eventually grows to surround the embryo

23
Q

Hypoblast

A

Cells on the ventral lower layer of the embryonic disk, opposite the amnion, that extend into the blastocyst cavity and form a yolk sac

24
Q

Gastrulation

A

Two layered disc of cells becomes a three layered disc in the third week

25
Q

Primitive streak

A

Indentation that forms along the epiblast’s dorsal surface at the embryonic disc’s causal end

26
Q

Primitive pit

A

Circular depression in the middle of the node (primitive streak). Where gastrulation and neurulation begin

27
Q

Primitive groove

A

Narrow depression that extends towards the caudal end in the primitive streak

28
Q

Endoderm

A

First germinal layer of cells formed that are a sheet of cells that displaces the hypoblast and loes adjacent to the yolk sac. Forms the gut tube later in development

29
Q

Mesoderm

A

Second germinal layer of cells that fills in the moddle

30
Q

Notocord

A

A rod-shaped, mesoderm derived (chordamesoderm) structure that forms ventral to the ectoderm and forms from the caudal to the cephalic regions of the embryo. This structure runs the length of the embryo providing stability during growth and folding.

31
Q

Paraxial mesoderm

A

Lateral to the notochord, the mesoderm differentiates into the paraxial mesoderm

32
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A

Lies between the paraxial mesoderm and the lateral plate mesoderm. Later forms the heart and cardiovascular system, blood, kidneys, smooth muscle lineage, and limb skeleton in developing embryo

33
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm

A

Thin mesoderm layer at the embryonic disc’s periphery

34
Q

Ectoderm

A

Epiblast cells that have not migrated through the primitive streak become the ectoderm which forms the outer surface structures

35
Q

Neurulation

A

A process following gastrulation, where essentials of the central nervous system develop from the ectoderm

36
Q

Neural plate

A

Specialized neuroectodermal tissues along the length of the embryo thicken into the neural plate

37
Q

Neural fold

A

During the 4th week, tissues on either side of the neural plate bend upward into the neural fold

38
Q

Neural groove

A

The two neural folds eventually rise and become the neural groove

39
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve tube

A

Neural groove converges into this.
Derives from ectoderm that rolls into a hollow tube during development

40
Q

Neural crest

A

Cells from the neural plate migrate toward the mesoderm and become the neural crest, which gives rise to many specialized structures in the developing embryo

41
Q

Somites

A

Segmental block-like structures formed from the paraxial mesoderm

42
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A

Discontinuous slab of mesoderm lateral to the paraxial mesoderm that will eventually become the kidneys and gonads

43
Q

Somatic mesoderm

A

Contributes to connective tissue of body wall and limbs

44
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm

A

Gives rise to mesothelial covering of the visceral organs

45
Q

Coelom

A

Hollow cavity that develops between the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm to surround and contain the ventral body organs

46
Q

Cephalocaudal (head-tail) flexion/folding

A

Produces the head and tail regions of the embryo.
This folding also Produces the foregather, midget, hindgut, and allantois

47
Q

Allantois

A

An outgrowth of the gut tube in the caudal region of the embryo

48
Q

Lateral flexion/folding

A

When the right and left body wall folds toward the midline, rolling the edges of the embryonic disk ventrally to form a cylindrical embryo surrounded by the amniotic sac.

The somatopleure (somatic mesoderm+ectoderm) fuses creating the outer cylinder of the embryo

49
Q

Gut tube

A

Primitive precursor to the respitory and digestive systems. Derived from dorsal part of the yolk sac and develops into three portions.
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

50
Q

Foregut

A

Includes the pharyngitis, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first section of the small intestine)
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas will bud from duodenum.

51
Q

Midgut

A

Middle portion of gut tube that includes most of the intestines

52
Q

Hindgut

A

Expanded at the Anusara as the coach and is connected to the allantois

Anatomy (7 decks)

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