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Developmental Biology > Early Development > Flashcards

Early Development Flashcards

1
Q

Cleavage pattern: Complete

A

Division in animal and vegetal pole

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2
Q

Cleavage pattern: Incomplete

A

No division in either pole (animal or vegetal)

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3
Q

Cleavage pattern: Superficial

A

Division only in animal pole

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4
Q

Know the role of the yolk in cleavage patterns. Explain how rapid cell division is achieved.

A

Yolk factors –> energy supplied by egg for embryo development

  1. Synchronous (early)
    • No G1/G2
    • Maternal factors
  2. Asynchronous (later)
    • There is some G1/G2
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5
Q

Animal vs vegetal poles

A

Animal pole: Pole of the egg where [yolk] is relatively low

Vegetal pole:Pole containing the yolk

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6
Q

Cytoplasmic determinants can be …. (2) Where can they be found (3 each)

A
  • Maternal mRNA (egg & zygote)
    (Differential degradation, cytoskeleton localization, local entrapment)
  • Protein level
    (Differential degradation, translation, and cytoskeleton localization)
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7
Q

Define amniote egg.

A

Egg with extra-embryotic membranes that provide nourishment and environmental needs to developing embryo

Ex: birds

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8
Q

Define yolk sac.

A

Grows over the yolk and provides nutrition.

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9
Q

Define chorion.

A

Extra-embryonic membrane essential for gas exchange

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10
Q

Define allantois.

A

Stores urinary wastes and mediates gas exchange

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11
Q

Define amnion.

A

“water sac” AKA membrane protecting embryo with surrounding amniotic fluid.

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12
Q

Define placenta.

A

Organ that serves the interface between fetal and material circulations

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13
Q

Gastrulation: Ingression + example

A

Movement of cells from surface layer into interior of embryo

EX: sea urchin mesoderm

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14
Q

Gastrulation: Invagination + example

A

infolding of epithelium of cells

EX: sea urchin endoderm

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15
Q

Gastrulation: Involution + example

A

tissue moving inside along the outer layer

ex: frog mesoderm

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16
Q

Gastrulation: Epiboly + example

A

movement of epithelial sheets that spread as a unit to enclose embryo FROM THE OUTSIDE

EX: sea urchin ectoderm

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17
Q

Gastrulation: Convergent Extension + example

A

Movement of lateral cells towards midline to drive anterior-posterior axis elongation

Ex: ectoderm and mesoderm of mammals

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18
Q

Which statement is true about genetic control of cell division during cleavage in most species?

A. Expression of embryonic genes begins as soon as fertilization occurs and material gene products have little effect beyond this point.

B. The zygotic genome is highly active beginning with the first cleavage division, making it the primary determinant of division patterns.

C. Early patterns of cell division are directed by products of maternal genes and later directed products of by embryonic genes.

D. Maternal proteins are important in regulating cell activities only until fertilization occurs.

A

C. Early patterns of cell division are directed by products of maternal genes and later directed products of by embryonic genes.

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19
Q

Which term best describes ingression?

A. An individual cell undergoes a change that allows them to migrate (the epithelial-mesenchymal transition).

B. A region of epithelial tissue folds inward to form a dent in the surface of the embryo.

C. Two layers of cells separate, forming a space in the region between them.

D. Cells from the outer epithelial layer move along the surface to an opening and then spread below the epithelial layer.

A

A. An individual cell undergoes a change that allows them to migrate (the epithelial-mesenchymal transition).

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20
Q

What, if any, regulatory transcription factors are necessary for cells of a mammalian inner cell mass to demonstrate pluripotency?

A. No regulatory transcription factors are necessary as regulation is provided by the cell niche.
B. Oct4 and Sox2 only
C. Sox2 and Nanog only
D. Oct 4, Sox2, and Nanog

A

D. Oct 4, Sox2, and Nanog

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21
Q

What is the trophectoderm (Trophoblast)?

A

External cells of the early mammalian embryo (i.e., the morula and the blastocyst) that will bind to the uterus

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22
Q

Describe the formation of the trophectoderm and inner cell mass.

A
  1. Morula (older blastula) develops outer and inner cells
  2. Outer cells = apical side, stuck tightly w/ E-cadherin –> later become trophectoderm
  3. Inner cells = lumen express Oct4, activates pluripotency genes –> form inner cell mass
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23
Q

Trophectoderm vs inner cell mass

A

outer cells for ectoderm vs inner cells that form embryo

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24
Q

Role of Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Klf4 in development process.

A

stem cell gene regulatory network

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25
Q

4 genes in the stem cell gene regulatory network

A
  1. Oct4
  2. Sox2
  3. Nanog
  4. Klf4
26
Q

Explain the difference between diploblast and triploblast.

A
  • Diploblast: “Two-layer” animals; they possess endoderm and ectoderm
    Triploblast: Animals with three germ layers
27
Q

Describe the mechanism behind the decision between the epiblast and primitive endoderm/hypoblast at the blastocyst stage

(key terms: Nanog, Fgf signaling and cell sorting)

A

Epiblast: Cells expressing Nanog

PreE: Cells recievinf fgf signaling AKA inhibits Nanog

Both seperate through cell sorting to form proper layer formation

28
Q

Which extraembryonic tissue do monozygotic twinning share depending on the timing of separation?

Before trophoblast formation

A

Each own chorion and amnion

29
Q

Which extraembryonic tissue do monozygotic twinning share depending on the timing of separation?

After trophoblast formation but before amnion formation

A

Each own amniotic sacs but one chorion

30
Q

Which extraembryonic tissue do monozygotic twinning share depending on the timing of separation?

After amnion formation

A

One amniotic sac and one chorion

31
Q

Give examples of a diploblast and triphoblast

A

Diploblast: Jellyfish
Triphoblast: Frog

32
Q

Describe the cell/tissue movement happening during gastrulation in Xenopus (6)

A
  1. Epiboly of the animal cap over entire embryo
    2.Vegetal Rotation
  2. Bottle cells initiate invagination
  3. Forms dorsal blastopore lip
  4. Involution of vegetal cells
  5. Closure of the blastopore by onvergent extension
33
Q

What is vegetal rotation?

A

internal rearrangement, pushing prospective mesodermal cells toward the future dorsal side

34
Q

What is the blastopore?

A

Invagination point where gastrulation begins

35
Q

What is the Involuting marginal zone?

A

Cells near equator that involute during Xenopus gastrulation.

FIRST: head mesoderm and pharyngeal endoderm

NEXT: future notochord cells

36
Q

Epiblast vs Hypoblast

A

Epiblast: The outer layer of the epibolizing blastoderm

Hypoblast: The inner layer of the epibolizing blastoderm

37
Q

What is the archenteron?

A

Primitive gut

38
Q

What is the yolk plug?

A

Cells that remain exposed on the vegetal surface surrounded by the blastopore following gastrulation

39
Q

Mesenchyme is the ….

A

Head mesoderm

40
Q

Notochord

A

gives rigidity and is a signaling center

41
Q

What is the term for the slit-like structure formed by the invagination of Xenopus epithelium as mesoderm and endoderm move deeper into the embryo?

A. The archenteron
B. The gray crescent
C. The blastopore
D. The chordamesoderm

A

C. The blastopore

42
Q

Which structure is generated by invaginating cells from the node in humans?

A. Gut
B. Neural crest
C. Notochord
D. Neural plate

A

C. Notochord

43
Q

Which structure is essential for the movement of cells during gastrulation in birds and mammals but not in amphibians?

A. The primitive streak
B. The area pellucida
C. The dorsal blastopore lip

A

A. The primitive streak

44
Q

Germ Layer Specification: Endoderm

A

Via maternal cytoplasmic determinants

Nodal
↑
VegT –> Sox17
↑
VegT mRNA

45
Q

Germ Layer Specification: Mesoderm

A

Nodal + Smad 2–> activates zygotic genes with VegT –> form mesoderm

46
Q

Germ Layer Specification: Ectoderm

A

Cells without any signaling

47
Q

Dorsal blastopore lip mechanism

A

Wnt signaling:
Wnt
↓ (binds)
Frizzled
↓(Recruits)
Dishevelled (Dsh)
┴ (Recruits)
GSK3
┴ (Phosphorylates, target for degration)
B-catenin
↓ (To nucleus)
Activates transcription w/ TCF/Lef

Dsh on one side bc on vegetal pole, where B-catenin is activated. Cortical rotation changes position

48
Q

What can the dorsal blastopore induce?

A

A second axis

49
Q

Describe the cell/tissue movement happening during gastrulation in human (5)

A
  1. Primitive streak forms midline of epiblast
  2. Primitive groove AKA depression
  3. Cells ingress through groove (forms mesoderm and endoderm)
  4. Groove becomes Node (contains notochord)
  5. Convergent extension
50
Q

What does the primitive endoderm form?

A

Hypoblast AKA mesoderm and endoderm

51
Q

Give the function of the protein coded by the gene and their role in developmental processes: Chordin, noggin

A

Organizer genes/proteins involved in the dorsal blastopore lip formation

52
Q

What is the primitive streak? Homologous to the…

A

The first sign of gastrulation in amniotes

Homologous to the amphibian blastopore.

53
Q

How are segment identities established along the anterio-posterior axis in Drosophila? Draw a diagram with the different gene families.

A

Maternal Effect Genes (A vs. P)
↓
Gap Genes
↓ ↓ (Homeotic genes)
Pair Rule
↓
Segment Polarity –> Homeotic genes

54
Q

Gap genes definition + Phenotype

A

Lack of large regions

Phenotype: Absence of broad body regions

55
Q

Pair-rule genes definition + Phenotype

A

Lack portions of every other segment. 7 segments

Phenotype: lack portions of every other segment.

56
Q

Segment polarity genes definition + Phenotype

A

Parts of every segment lost

Phenotype: Defects in eery segment

57
Q

Homoeotic genes definition + Phenotype

A

Mutations of homeotic selector genes. Can be loss of function (Ubx genes manipulation) or gain of function (overexpression)

Phenotype: one structure is replaced by another (as where an antenna is replaced by a leg).

58
Q

Maternal effect genes + example

A

Mother genes (mRNA or proteins) found in the egg that determine anterior/posterior positioning

Ex; Bicoid and caudal mRNA/ protein

59
Q

Describe how Bicoid and Caudal morphogen gradient is established in Drosophila.

A

Bicoid mRNA stabilized, creates Bicoid protien and inhibit Caudal mRNA and therefore Caudal protein

[Bicoid] bigger anterior (mRNA/protein)
[Caudal] mRNA THE SAME
[Caudal] protein bigger posteriorly

60
Q

Describe the co-linearity of the homeotic genes/hox genes, how it influences their expression and its conservation between species

A

relationship between the order of Hox genes and the order expressed in an embryo

Developmental Biology (2 decks)

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