early development

Question 1

what endoderm further develops

Answer 1

GI tract
live, pancreas
lungs
thyroid

Question 2

what ectoderm further develops

Answer 2

CNS, neural crest,
skin epithelia , tooth enamel

Question 3

what mesoderm further develops

Answer 3

blood (endothelial cells, red and white blood cells)

Muscle (smooth, skeletal and cardiac)

gonads, kidney, adrenal cortex

bone, cartilage

Question 4

when does neural tube close at head end

Answer 4

day 23

Question 5

when does neural tube close at tail end

Answer 5

day 27

Question 6

failure of neural tube closure at head end

Answer 6

anencephaly

Question 7

failure of neural tube closure at tail end

Answer 7

spina bifida

Question 8

once neural tube is formed, what does neural crest cells do

Answer 8

migrate from neural folds to different locations and differentiate into different cell types within embryo

e.g
cranial
vagal
trunk
sacral

Question 9

steps of gut tube formation

Answer 9

ventral folding - cranial and caudal end fold over

lateral folding- lateral sides of embryo fold over

Question 10

what is somitogenesis

Answer 10

formation of somites
set of bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm along head to tail axis of embryo

Question 11

what does somites form

Answer 11

sclerotome (vertebrae and rib cage)
dermomyotome

Question 12

miscarriage define and subtype

Answer 12

loss of pregnancy prior to 24weeks gestation
early clinicial pregnancy loss (less than 12 weeks )
late clinical pregnancy loss (less than 24 weeks )

Question 13

recurrent miscarriage=

Answer 13

3+ pregnancy loss

Question 14

examples of cohesion protein

Answer 14

REC8
SMC2

Question 15

define ectopic pregnancy

Answer 15

when embryo implants at a site other than uterine lining (endometrium)

Question 16

risk factors of ectopic pregnancy

Answer 16

prior ectopic pregnancy
prior fallopian tube surgery
STI
tobacco
increase in age
history of infertility
use of IVF

Question 17

ectopic pregnancy smoking effects ‘

Answer 17

cotinine disrupts PROK receptors- and stop smooth muscle contraction in fallopian tube-embryo gets stuck and implant

cotinine induces cell death of epithelium in fallopian tube- embryo implant in wrong place

tobacco smoke inhibits cilia function- doesn’t beat normally- tubular fluid move irregularly. Embryo not moved down fallopian tube properly

Question 18

ectopic pregnancy effects and treatment

Answer 18

rupture and lead to sever internal bleeding

treatment
expectant management
chemotherapy
remove part of fallopian tube with ectopic pregnancy