early caliphs and umayyad dynasty Flashcards
who was caliph
(deputy)
- Abu Bakr - muhammad’s closest friend and devoted disciple
- -he became head of state, military commander,
what did the umma do under Bakr
went offensive against bedouins and forced them to recognize Islam
ow did they overtake some of persia and byzantine
they attacked when they were weak from conflicts with each other
governance problems
- -leaders from powerful arab clans appointed 4 caliphs
- -political differences, clan loyal ties, political ambitions made factions and parties
- -disagreement over succession
disagreement over succession leads to the
shia sect
majority muslims were
sunni muslim
why did shias develop
they wanted Ali (Muhammads cousin and son in law) to be caliph
- -but Abu Bakr support was stronger
- -Ali served as a 4th caliph but was assassinated and killed his relatives
- -shias got mad and tried to return caliph to ali’s descent
shia holidays
honor their leaders ad martyrs
shia quran interpretations
–to support their views
what solved the problem of succession temporarily
establishment of the umayyad dynasty
what was the Umayyad Dynasty
prominent merchant clans that stabilized islamic communities because of their reputation
- -centralized rule
- favored arabs
umayyad capital
Damascus (syria)
–central - good for communication
umayyad problems
- -ruled the dar al islam as conquerers
- -policies reelected interests of the arab military aristocracy
- -taxed non is lams (jizya)
- -wealth is distributed among wealthy elites
jizya
umayyad tax on non islamic religions and believers
umayyad ends
- -the caliphs start living luxuriously
- -shias started resisting them
- -conquered people started resisting them
- -dissapointed muslim arab military leaders
