Ear, Nose, Throat Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
otolaryngology
A
head and neck surgeries
2
Q
subspecialties of otolaryngology
A
ear, nose, throat
3
Q
otolaryngology is related to
A
subspecialties neurootology pediatric plastic + reconstructive head + neck oncology
4
Q
anatomy related to otolaryngology
A
ears nose oral cavity/ pharynx salivary glands larynx neck
5
Q
ears
A
hearing + balance
6
Q
outer ears
A
pinna
external ear
tympanic membrane
7
Q
tympanic membrane
A
eardrum
8
Q
middle ear
A
ossicles + eustacian tube
9
Q
inner ear
A
facial nerve
auditory nerve
vestibular nerve
10
Q
what borders the outer ear and the middle ear?
A
eardrum
11
Q
otitis externa
A
red swollen, pink ear; water going into the external auditory canal; bacteria flourish; very painful; antibiotic drops needed
12
Q
cerumen
A
can cause hearing loss; elderly
13
Q
cauliflower ear
A
hematoma on ear
14
Q
otitis media
A
air bubbles indicating there is fluid behind tympanic membrane; usually occurs in children 8-9 years old and sometimes in older people; very painful
15
Q
cholesteatoma
A
invagination of the membrane; result of chonic otitis media
16
Q
TM Perforation
A
tympanic membrane perforation
17
Q
conductive hearing loss
A
sensorineural hearing loss; air sounds don’t get through the fluid or tympanic membrane punctured (does not relay sound well)
18
Q
sensory neural hearing loss
A
sounds get to the organs of hearing, but because of a neural issue such as a cochlear nerve; sound isn’t transmitted as electrical signals to your brain
19
Q
acoustic hearing loss
A
happens around acoustic nerve
20
Q
hearing loss is so profound
A
nothing really helps to augment sound;cochlear implants were invented (like a bionic ear)
21
Q
outer ear problems
A
otitis externa (swimmer's ear) cerumen impaction skin cancer trauma congenital deformities
22
Q
middle ear problems
A
otitis media cholestreatoma cancer TM perforation conductive hearing loss
23
Q
inner ear
A
sensorineural hearing loss
acoustic neuromas
noise injury
vertigo
24
Q
cochlear implants
A
used for bilateral profound hearing losee
25
cochlear implants in inner ear
well is placed in bone for the implant that has a wire that goes directly through the cochlea
26
after cochlear is in inner ear,
a headpiece will be placed on the skin—> electrical signal—> stimulates electrical nodes along the wire which stimulates diff nerves along the cochlea
27
hair cells in cochlear die off causing no hearing
everything else works such as the nerve (nerve is still intact)
28
if a tumor is in the ear instead, would a cochlear implant work?
no
29
nose + paranasal sinuses
```
epistaxis
polyps
allergic rhinitis
sinusitis
neoplasms
```
30
epistaxis
nose bleeds
31
what acts as a shock absorber on the face
midface
32
where do polyps grow
within the nose
33
kiesselbach's plexus
where many arteries coalesce; prone to drying when it’s cold ; medication like warfare may have more epistaxis; those with hypertension;
34
artery associated with epistaxis
external and internal carotid artery
35
90% epistaxis bleeding from where?
kiesselbach's plexus
36
What can cause epistaxis?
coagulopathy
digital trauma
hypertension
37
epistaxis
```
ID site
cautery
pack
ligate blood vessels
embolization
```
38
what cauterizes blood vessels?
silver nitrate
39
what burns the vessels that are bleeding?
electrocautery
40
pack
nasal tampons
41
posterior pack
water is used to add pressure
42
embolization
inject materials that will coagulate the location of bleeding
43
nose should be kept moist during epistaxis
prevention
nasal saline spray
vaseline at night
44
nasal polyps
edematous nasal mucosa
usually allergic
unilateral risk of neoplasm
45
if polyp is only on one side, it is probably not an allergy but a
neoplasm!
46
nasal polyps have fleshy interiors instead of
fluid
47
nasal polyps symptoms
nasal obstruction
anosmia
infection
48
anosmia
inability to sense smell
49
infection can back up sinuses and lead to
sinusitis
50
nasal polyp treatment
```
observation
allergy evaluation
nasal and systemic steroids
surgery
usually recur
```
51
who usually gets nasal polyps
teens and 20s if you've had lifelong history of allergies as a kid
52
nasal sprays can be used
chronically
53
allergic rhinitis and sinutsitis
```
seasonal or constant
nasal discharge-initially clear
sneezing
itchy eyes
-allergy evaluation
-allergy shots
-avoidance
-antihistamines
-nasal systemic steroids
```
54
sinusitis
- pain
- malaise, nasal obstruction, headache, purulent rhinorrhea
- usually after URI or allergic rhiintis
55
rhinitus
runny nose ect, allergic rhinorrhea would be clear instead of purulent
56
sinusitis vs. rhinitis
sinusitis has pain
57
black in CT
air
58
gray in CT scan
density
59
unilateral maxillary sinusitis
neoplasm or dental origin
60
organisms that cause sinusitis
strep, staph, H. influenza
61
sinusitis treatment
- antibiotics for 3 wks
- decongestant
- rhinitis medicamentosa
- surgery
62
decongestant
oxymetazaline spray, 3 days
63
nasal sprays for allergic rhinitis, use
whenever needed
64
oxymetazaline spray
- fast acting sprays
| - be wary of rhinitis
65
medicamentosa
-only use for 3 days at a time or else= vasodilation and nose gets very stuffy
66
sometimes surgery for sinusitis is required to
open sinuses
67
complications of sinusitis
orbital cellulitis
abscess
meningitis
brain abscess
68
orbital cellulitis is a result of
sinusitis
69
neoplasms
- rare
- juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
- hard wood, heavy metal adenocarcinomas, SCCa
70
neoplasm risk
malignancy
71
nasopharyngeal neoplasms common in males from
canton province in China
72
nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
juvenile- benign process in nasopharynx, man has chronic nose bleeds from one side and you see a lesion when you look in
73
carpenters who breathe in wood
associated with adenocarcinomas
74
oral cavity/ pharynx
- tonsillitis/pharyngitis
- infections
- cancer
75
viral tonsillitis / pharyngitis
mononucleosis related to ebstein barr virus
76
bacterial tonsillitis / pharyngitis
strep group A beta hemolytic or H. influeza, corynebacterium which causes diphtheriae
77
hypertrophy of tonsils, you want to rule out
acute mononucleosis
78
white spots off tonsils; can be indication of
strep throat
79
tonsillitis/pharyngitis symptoms
odynophagia
fever
exudate
80
tonsillitis / pharyngitis treatment
antibiotics + rehydrate
| -make sure children are well hydrated, especially when they have sore throats and don't want to drink
81
tonsillectomy
- 4-6 episodes/ yr
- 3-4 episodes each of 2 consecutive years
- 3 episodes each 3 consecutive years
- asymmetric tonsils
82
tonsillectomy
in top 5 most painful procedures
83
lingual tonsils
adenoids; potential lymphoma may occur from lymphoid tissue
84
unilateral peritonsillar abscess
-displacement uvula and tonsil
-secondary glands of weber treatment
treatment= aspiration, I+D, "hot tonsillectomy + antibiotics
85
pus collection in place next to tonsils, treat with
aspiration
86
adenotonsillar hypertrophy
- OSAS
- Snoring
- Mouth breathing
- Restless sleep
- respiratory pauses
87
history of getting mono= severe sore throat can result in
adenotonsillar hypertrophy which will call for a tonsillectomy which will take care of the airway obstruction
88
head + neck cancer
-head + neck cancer 6% of all cancers
-30% oral cavity
-4th -5th decade
males> females
89
head + neck cancer
- localized pain
- odynophagia
- dysphagia
- hoarseness
- dyspnea
- bleeding
- EAR PAIN = RED FLAG
90
dysphagia
difficulty eating
91
odynophagia
painful swallowing
92
dyspnea
shortness of breath
93
ear pain
vagus to ear, when you get a sore throat, you also get ear pain too
94
risk factors for head and neck cancers
tobacco, alcohol, genetic
95
treatment for head and neck cancer
(stage I + II) + (surgery + surgery III + IV) combined
96
what is associated with head + neck cancers
HPV
97
ear pain associated with
alcohol + tobacco
98
salivary glands
sialadenitis
sialolithiasis
neoplasms
99
sialadenitis
inflammation of a salivary gland
100
sialolithiasis
stones
101
sialodenitis
```
viral- mumps, CMV
bacterial
hypossecretion
stasis
obstruction
```
102
the main cause of bacterial sialadenitis
staph aureus (antibiotics needed)
103
sialolithiasis
- relapsing sialadenitis
- 20-40% radiolucent
- plain films (occlusal, AP, lateral, CT scan, Sialogram)
104
stone causes back up of saliva which causes
sialolithiasis
105
sialolithiasis
(also termed salivary calculi, or salivary stones), is a condition where a calcified mass forms within a salivary gland, usually in the duct of the submandibular gland (also termed "Wharton's duct”).
106
sialolithiasis treatment
- E/O stone
- gland excision (when stone is very close to gland)
- antibiotics if you want to remove staph. aureus
107
salivary neoplasms
parotid
pleomorphic adenoma
submandibular
minor, benign, malignant
108
percent parotid salivary neoplasms
**80-85%
109
percent pleomorphic adenoma salivary neoplasms
**85%
110
% submandibular salivary neoplasms
**50% benign
111
percent minor salivary neoplasms
**20% benign
| 75% malignant
112
what nerve goes through the parotid
facial
113
main risk of removing a benign tumor of parotid galnd
facial nerve
114
branches of facial nerve
```
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
```
115
facial plastic surgery
reconstructive + cosmetic
116
cosmetic
- aging face
- rhinoplasty
- otoplasty
117
rhinoplasty
plastic surgery on the nose
118
otoplasty
surgical + nonsurgical procedures correcting deformities and defects of the pinna and for reconstructing a defetive or deformed or absent external ear
119
foreign bodies in airway
```
hypopharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchus
esophagus
```
120
foreign bodies in airway can lead to
stridor
cough
pneumonia
121
stridor
harsh or grating sound; someone trying to breathe across an obstruction
