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Medicine II > Ear, Nose, Throat > Flashcards

Ear, Nose, Throat Flashcards

1
Q

otolaryngology

A

head and neck surgeries

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2
Q

subspecialties of otolaryngology

A

ear, nose, throat

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3
Q

otolaryngology is related to

A 
subspecialties
neurootology
pediatric
plastic + reconstructive
head + neck oncology
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4
Q

anatomy related to otolaryngology

A 
ears
nose
oral cavity/ pharynx
salivary glands
larynx
neck
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5
Q

ears

A

hearing + balance

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6
Q

outer ears

A

pinna
external ear
tympanic membrane

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7
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

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8
Q

middle ear

A

ossicles + eustacian tube

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9
Q

inner ear

A

facial nerve
auditory nerve
vestibular nerve

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10
Q

what borders the outer ear and the middle ear?

A

eardrum

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11
Q

otitis externa

A

red swollen, pink ear; water going into the external auditory canal; bacteria flourish; very painful; antibiotic drops needed

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12
Q

cerumen

A

can cause hearing loss; elderly

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13
Q

cauliflower ear

A

hematoma on ear

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14
Q

otitis media

A

air bubbles indicating there is fluid behind tympanic membrane; usually occurs in children 8-9 years old and sometimes in older people; very painful

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15
Q

cholesteatoma

A

invagination of the membrane; result of chonic otitis media

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16
Q

TM Perforation

A

tympanic membrane perforation

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17
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

sensorineural hearing loss; air sounds don’t get through the fluid or tympanic membrane punctured (does not relay sound well)

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18
Q

sensory neural hearing loss

A

sounds get to the organs of hearing, but because of a neural issue such as a cochlear nerve; sound isn’t transmitted as electrical signals to your brain

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19
Q

acoustic hearing loss

A

happens around acoustic nerve

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20
Q

hearing loss is so profound

A

nothing really helps to augment sound;cochlear implants were invented (like a bionic ear)

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21
Q

outer ear problems

A 
otitis externa (swimmer's ear)
cerumen impaction
skin cancer
trauma
congenital deformities
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22
Q

middle ear problems

A 
otitis media
cholestreatoma
cancer
TM perforation
conductive hearing loss
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23
Q

inner ear

A

sensorineural hearing loss
acoustic neuromas
noise injury
vertigo

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24
Q

cochlear implants

A

used for bilateral profound hearing losee

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25
Q

cochlear implants in inner ear

A

well is placed in bone for the implant that has a wire that goes directly through the cochlea

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26
Q

after cochlear is in inner ear,

A

a headpiece will be placed on the skin—> electrical signal—> stimulates electrical nodes along the wire which stimulates diff nerves along the cochlea

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27
Q

hair cells in cochlear die off causing no hearing

A

everything else works such as the nerve (nerve is still intact)

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28
Q

if a tumor is in the ear instead, would a cochlear implant work?

A

no

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29
Q

nose + paranasal sinuses

A 
epistaxis
polyps
allergic rhinitis
sinusitis
neoplasms
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30
Q

epistaxis

A

nose bleeds

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31
Q

what acts as a shock absorber on the face

A

midface

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32
Q

where do polyps grow

A

within the nose

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33
Q

kiesselbach’s plexus

A

where many arteries coalesce; prone to drying when it’s cold ; medication like warfare may have more epistaxis; those with hypertension;

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34
Q

artery associated with epistaxis

A

external and internal carotid artery

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35
Q

90% epistaxis bleeding from where?

A

kiesselbach’s plexus

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36
Q

What can cause epistaxis?

A

coagulopathy
digital trauma
hypertension

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37
Q

epistaxis

A 
ID site
cautery
pack
ligate blood vessels
embolization
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38
Q

what cauterizes blood vessels?

A

silver nitrate

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39
Q

what burns the vessels that are bleeding?

A

electrocautery

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40
Q

pack

A

nasal tampons

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41
Q

posterior pack

A

water is used to add pressure

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42
Q

embolization

A

inject materials that will coagulate the location of bleeding

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43
Q

nose should be kept moist during epistaxis

A

prevention
nasal saline spray
vaseline at night

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44
Q

nasal polyps

A

edematous nasal mucosa
usually allergic
unilateral risk of neoplasm

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45
Q

if polyp is only on one side, it is probably not an allergy but a

A

neoplasm!

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46
Q

nasal polyps have fleshy interiors instead of

A

fluid

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47
Q

nasal polyps symptoms

A

nasal obstruction
anosmia
infection

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48
Q

anosmia

A

inability to sense smell

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49
Q

infection can back up sinuses and lead to

A

sinusitis

50
Q

nasal polyp treatment

A 
observation
allergy evaluation
nasal and systemic steroids
surgery
usually recur
51
Q

who usually gets nasal polyps

A

teens and 20s if you’ve had lifelong history of allergies as a kid

52
Q

nasal sprays can be used

A

chronically

53
Q

allergic rhinitis and sinutsitis

A 
seasonal or constant
nasal discharge-initially clear
sneezing
itchy eyes
-allergy evaluation
-allergy shots
-avoidance
-antihistamines
-nasal systemic steroids
54
Q

sinusitis

A
  • pain
  • malaise, nasal obstruction, headache, purulent rhinorrhea
  • usually after URI or allergic rhiintis
55
Q

rhinitus

A

runny nose ect, allergic rhinorrhea would be clear instead of purulent

56
Q

sinusitis vs. rhinitis

A

sinusitis has pain

57
Q

black in CT

A

air

58
Q

gray in CT scan

A

density

59
Q

unilateral maxillary sinusitis

A

neoplasm or dental origin

60
Q

organisms that cause sinusitis

A

strep, staph, H. influenza

61
Q

sinusitis treatment

A
  • antibiotics for 3 wks
  • decongestant
  • rhinitis medicamentosa
  • surgery
62
Q

decongestant

A

oxymetazaline spray, 3 days

63
Q

nasal sprays for allergic rhinitis, use

A

whenever needed

64
Q

oxymetazaline spray

A
  • fast acting sprays

- be wary of rhinitis

65
Q

medicamentosa

A

-only use for 3 days at a time or else= vasodilation and nose gets very stuffy

66
Q

sometimes surgery for sinusitis is required to

A

open sinuses

67
Q

complications of sinusitis

A

orbital cellulitis
abscess
meningitis
brain abscess

68
Q

orbital cellulitis is a result of

A

sinusitis

69
Q

neoplasms

A
  • rare
  • juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
  • hard wood, heavy metal adenocarcinomas, SCCa
70
Q

neoplasm risk

A

malignancy

71
Q

nasopharyngeal neoplasms common in males from

A

canton province in China

72
Q

nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

A

juvenile- benign process in nasopharynx, man has chronic nose bleeds from one side and you see a lesion when you look in

73
Q

carpenters who breathe in wood

A

associated with adenocarcinomas

74
Q

oral cavity/ pharynx

A
  • tonsillitis/pharyngitis
  • infections
  • cancer
75
Q

viral tonsillitis / pharyngitis

A

mononucleosis related to ebstein barr virus

76
Q

bacterial tonsillitis / pharyngitis

A

strep group A beta hemolytic or H. influeza, corynebacterium which causes diphtheriae

77
Q

hypertrophy of tonsils, you want to rule out

A

acute mononucleosis

78
Q

white spots off tonsils; can be indication of

A

strep throat

79
Q

tonsillitis/pharyngitis symptoms

A

odynophagia
fever
exudate

80
Q

tonsillitis / pharyngitis treatment

A

antibiotics + rehydrate

-make sure children are well hydrated, especially when they have sore throats and don’t want to drink

81
Q

tonsillectomy

A
  • 4-6 episodes/ yr
  • 3-4 episodes each of 2 consecutive years
  • 3 episodes each 3 consecutive years
  • asymmetric tonsils
82
Q

tonsillectomy

A

in top 5 most painful procedures

83
Q

lingual tonsils

A

adenoids; potential lymphoma may occur from lymphoid tissue

84
Q

unilateral peritonsillar abscess

A

-displacement uvula and tonsil
-secondary glands of weber treatment
treatment= aspiration, I+D, “hot tonsillectomy + antibiotics

85
Q

pus collection in place next to tonsils, treat with

A

aspiration

86
Q

adenotonsillar hypertrophy

A
  • OSAS
  • Snoring
  • Mouth breathing
  • Restless sleep
  • respiratory pauses
87
Q

history of getting mono= severe sore throat can result in

A

adenotonsillar hypertrophy which will call for a tonsillectomy which will take care of the airway obstruction

88
Q

head + neck cancer

A

-head + neck cancer 6% of all cancers
-30% oral cavity
-4th -5th decade
males> females

89
Q

head + neck cancer

A
  • localized pain
  • odynophagia
  • dysphagia
  • hoarseness
  • dyspnea
  • bleeding
  • EAR PAIN = RED FLAG
90
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty eating

91
Q

odynophagia

A

painful swallowing

92
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

93
Q

ear pain

A

vagus to ear, when you get a sore throat, you also get ear pain too

94
Q

risk factors for head and neck cancers

A

tobacco, alcohol, genetic

95
Q

treatment for head and neck cancer

A

(stage I + II) + (surgery + surgery III + IV) combined

96
Q

what is associated with head + neck cancers

A

HPV

97
Q

ear pain associated with

A

alcohol + tobacco

98
Q

salivary glands

A

sialadenitis
sialolithiasis
neoplasms

99
Q

sialadenitis

A

inflammation of a salivary gland

100
Q

sialolithiasis

A

stones

101
Q

sialodenitis

A 
viral- mumps, CMV
bacterial
hypossecretion
stasis
obstruction
102
Q

the main cause of bacterial sialadenitis

A

staph aureus (antibiotics needed)

103
Q

sialolithiasis

A
  • relapsing sialadenitis
  • 20-40% radiolucent
  • plain films (occlusal, AP, lateral, CT scan, Sialogram)
104
Q

stone causes back up of saliva which causes

A

sialolithiasis

105
Q

sialolithiasis

A

(also termed salivary calculi, or salivary stones), is a condition where a calcified mass forms within a salivary gland, usually in the duct of the submandibular gland (also termed “Wharton’s duct”).

106
Q

sialolithiasis treatment

A
  • E/O stone
  • gland excision (when stone is very close to gland)
  • antibiotics if you want to remove staph. aureus
107
Q

salivary neoplasms

A

parotid
pleomorphic adenoma
submandibular
minor, benign, malignant

108
Q

percent parotid salivary neoplasms

A

**80-85%

109
Q

percent pleomorphic adenoma salivary neoplasms

A

**85%

110
Q

% submandibular salivary neoplasms

A

**50% benign

111
Q

percent minor salivary neoplasms

A

**20% benign

75% malignant

112
Q

what nerve goes through the parotid

A

facial

113
Q

main risk of removing a benign tumor of parotid galnd

A

facial nerve

114
Q

branches of facial nerve

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
115
Q

facial plastic surgery

A

reconstructive + cosmetic

116
Q

cosmetic

A
  • aging face
  • rhinoplasty
  • otoplasty
117
Q

rhinoplasty

A

plastic surgery on the nose

118
Q

otoplasty

A

surgical + nonsurgical procedures correcting deformities and defects of the pinna and for reconstructing a defetive or deformed or absent external ear

119
Q

foreign bodies in airway

A 
hypopharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchus
esophagus
120
Q

foreign bodies in airway can lead to

A

stridor
cough
pneumonia

121
Q

stridor

A

harsh or grating sound; someone trying to breathe across an obstruction

Medicine II (8 decks)

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