Ear, Nose, Throat

Question 1

Three ossciles

Answer 1

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Question 2

Eustachian Tube

Answer 2

acts to ventilate the middle ear space and allows for pressure regulation. Drains mucus from the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

Question 3

Inner Ear components

Answer 3

Cochlea (hearing), semicircular ducts (balance), distal end of cranial nerve 8, otolith organs housed in vestibule. Malleus, Incus, Stapes.

Question 4

What is unique about the vestibule of the nose?

Answer 4

Unlike the rest of the nasal cavity, is lined with hair bearing skin, not mucosa.

Question 5

Nose Anatomy

Answer 5

Laterally, the turbinates, are covered by a highly vascular mucous membrane, protrude into the nasal cavity
Below each turbinate is a groove, or meatus, each named according to the turbinate above it—superior, middle, and inferior meatuses
The nasolacrimal duct drains into the inferior meatus
Most of the paranasal sinuses drain into the middle meatus

Question 6

Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 6

Maxillary, Ethmoid, Frontal, and Sphenoid. Like the nasal cavities into which they drain, they are lined with a mucous membrane
Only the frontal and maxillary sinuses are readily accessible on clinical examination

Question 7

Otitis Externa Symptoms

Answer 7

Complaints of earache
Ask about associated fever
Pain in the external canal in otitis externa (inflammation of the external ear canal)
Movement of the auricle and tragus is painful in otitis externa but not in otitis media
Acute otitis externa may present with discharge

Question 8

Otitis Media symptoms

Answer 8

Complaints of earache
Ask about associated fever, sore throat, cough, and concurrent upper respiratory infection
Increase likelihood of ear infection
Infection of the middle ear
Pain in the ear may also be referred from other structures in the mouth, throat, or neck
Acute or chronic otitis media with perforation may present with discharge

Question 9

Tinnitus Symptoms

Answer 9

A perceived sound that has no external stimulus
Musical ringing or a rushing or roaring noise in one or both ears
Tinnitus may accompany hearing loss
Increasing in frequency with age
When associated with fluctuating hearing loss and vertigo, suspect Ménière disease

Question 10

Marginal Gingivitis

Answer 10

Common during adolescence, early adulthood, and pregnancy
The gingival margins are reddened and swollen, and the interdental papillae are blunted, swollen, and red
Brushing the teeth often makes the gums bleed
Plaque leads to gingivitis

Question 11

Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis

Answer 11

Occurs suddenly in adolescents and young adults
Fever, malaise, and enlarged lymph nodes
Ulcers develop in the interdental papillae
Destructive (necrotizing) process spreads along the gum margins, where a grayish pseudomembrane develops
The red, painful gums bleed easily; the breath is foul