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Neurological Medicine > Ear Infections > Flashcards

Ear Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Otitis Externa

A

External Otic Canal

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2
Q

Otitis Media

A

Middle Ear Canal

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3
Q

Labrinthitis

A

Inner Ear

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4
Q

Mastoiditis

A

Mastoid Bone

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5
Q

Acute Otitis Media

A

Bacterial or Viral

Sx: pain, red ear drum, pus, fever

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6
Q

Otitis Media with Effusion

A

Build up of Fluid in Eustachian Tube
No infection –> no treatment
Associated with UTIs, cigarette smoke, and allergies

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7
Q

Causes of Acute Otitis Media

A

URIs, allergic conditions, prevention of drainage and ventilation through Eustachian tubes, enlarged adenoids, congestion of mucosa

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8
Q

Who is Acute Otitis Media most commonly found in?

A

Children (narrow tubes), Native Americans, and Males

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9
Q

Classify Streptococcus pneumoniae

Acute Otitis Media

A

Gram Positive, Diplococcus

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10
Q

Classify Haemophilus influenzae

Acute Otitis Media

A

Gram Negative, Coccobacilli, non-motile, facultative anaerobe, pleomorphic

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11
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Characteristics

A

Fastidious = Grow on chocolate agar, Non-typeable, non-encapsulated, common in nasopharynx with B-lactamases
*Can also infect genital tract and conjunctivitis

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12
Q

Classify Moraxella catarrhalis

Acute Otitis Media

A

Gram Negative, diplococci, aerobic, oxidase-positive, non-motile, pili, fastidious = chocolate agar, produces B-lactamases

  • Colonize upper respiratory tract
  • Hockey puck test
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13
Q

Diagnosing Acute Otitis Media

A

Pneumatic otoscopy
Tympanometry
Collect aspirate for Gram stain and culture

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14
Q

Empiric treatment of Acute Otitis Media

A

6-24 months: amoxicillin

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15
Q

If no improvement, treatment of Acute Otitis Media

A

Within 48 hours, switch to Amoxicillin-Clabulanate

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16
Q

Treatment of Acute Otitis Media with a penicillin allergy

A

Azithromycin

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17
Q

Symptomatic treatment

A

Pain management and decongestants

18
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Cyst of epithelial cells in the middle ear causing erosion of middle ear bones

19
Q

Otitis Externa

A

Unilateral inflammation of ear canal with pain, itching, and purulent ear drainage

20
Q

Risk factors for Otitis Externa

A

Maceration (trauma), foreign bodies, excessive moisture, middle ear infection, diabetes

21
Q

Common etiology for Acute Localized Otitis Externa

A

Staphylococcus

-pustule associated with hair follicles

22
Q

Associations of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Chronic diseases like alcoholism, diabetes, renal disease = increased susceptibility

23
Q

Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Changes in penicillin binding protein

24
Q

Capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Blocks deposition of complement preventing phagocytosis

25
Q

Choline-binding proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Bind to surface of epithelial cells

26
Q

Neuraminidases of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Cleave host mucins

27
Q

Pneumolysin of Streptococcus pneumonia

A

Pore forming toxin disrupts cilia

28
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Cell wall inhibitor binding to penicillin binding proteins

29
Q

Amoxicillin with Clavulanate

A

Cell wall inhibitor binding to penicillin binding proteins + inactivate enzymatic degradation by B-lactamases

30
Q

Azythromycin

A

Interferes with mRNA protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit (inhibiting translation)

31
Q

Pneumatic Otoscopy

A

Assess Tympanic Membrane integrity

32
Q

Tympanometry

A

Detection of fluid in the middle ear

33
Q

What’s so special about cerumen?

A

Contains lysozyme and is slightly acidic deterring microbial growth

34
Q

Common etiologies for Acute Diffuse Otitis Externa

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

-itches, red canal, painful

35
Q

Common etiologies for Malignant Otitis Externa

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  • Common in elderly, diabetic and immunocompromised patients
  • invasion of bone/cartilage leading to cranial nerve palsy and death
36
Q

Common etiologies for Fungal Otitis Externa

A

Aspergillus and Candida albicans

37
Q

Symptoms associated with Neisseria gonorrhea

A

Green-yellow discharge from eyes

38
Q

Symptoms associated with Adenovirus

A

Red eye, mild cold, clear drainage

39
Q

Symptoms associated with Cytomegalovirus

A

Visual field deficit most common in HIV infected individuals

40
Q

Symptoms associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Releases pneumolysin pore forming toxin

41
Q

Otitis externa management

A

Topical neomycin, polymyxin, hydrocortisone

Neurological Medicine (8 decks)

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