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Ear Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Otitis Externa

A

External Otic Canal

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2
Q

Otitis Media

A

Middle Ear Canal

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3
Q

Labrinthitis

A

Inner Ear

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4
Q

Mastoiditis

A

Mastoid Bone

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5
Q

Acute Otitis Media

A

Bacterial or Viral

Sx: pain, red ear drum, pus, fever

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6
Q

Otitis Media with Effusion

A

Build up of Fluid in Eustachian Tube
No infection –> no treatment
Associated with UTIs, cigarette smoke, and allergies

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7
Q

Causes of Acute Otitis Media

A

URIs, allergic conditions, prevention of drainage and ventilation through Eustachian tubes, enlarged adenoids, congestion of mucosa

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8
Q

Who is Acute Otitis Media most commonly found in?

A

Children (narrow tubes), Native Americans, and Males

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9
Q

Classify Streptococcus pneumoniae

Acute Otitis Media

A

Gram Positive, Diplococcus

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10
Q

Classify Haemophilus influenzae

Acute Otitis Media

A

Gram Negative, Coccobacilli, non-motile, facultative anaerobe, pleomorphic

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11
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Characteristics

A

Fastidious = Grow on chocolate agar, Non-typeable, non-encapsulated, common in nasopharynx with B-lactamases
*Can also infect genital tract and conjunctivitis

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12
Q

Classify Moraxella catarrhalis

Acute Otitis Media

A

Gram Negative, diplococci, aerobic, oxidase-positive, non-motile, pili, fastidious = chocolate agar, produces B-lactamases

  • Colonize upper respiratory tract
  • Hockey puck test
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13
Q

Diagnosing Acute Otitis Media

A

Pneumatic otoscopy
Tympanometry
Collect aspirate for Gram stain and culture

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14
Q

Empiric treatment of Acute Otitis Media

A

6-24 months: amoxicillin

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15
Q

If no improvement, treatment of Acute Otitis Media

A

Within 48 hours, switch to Amoxicillin-Clabulanate

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16
Q

Treatment of Acute Otitis Media with a penicillin allergy

A

Azithromycin

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17
Q

Symptomatic treatment

A

Pain management and decongestants

18
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Cyst of epithelial cells in the middle ear causing erosion of middle ear bones

19
Q

Otitis Externa

A

Unilateral inflammation of ear canal with pain, itching, and purulent ear drainage

20
Q

Risk factors for Otitis Externa

A

Maceration (trauma), foreign bodies, excessive moisture, middle ear infection, diabetes

21
Q

Common etiology for Acute Localized Otitis Externa

A

Staphylococcus

-pustule associated with hair follicles

22
Q

Associations of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Chronic diseases like alcoholism, diabetes, renal disease = increased susceptibility

23
Q

Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Changes in penicillin binding protein

24
Q

Capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Blocks deposition of complement preventing phagocytosis

25
Choline-binding proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bind to surface of epithelial cells
26
Neuraminidases of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Cleave host mucins
27
Pneumolysin of Streptococcus pneumonia
Pore forming toxin disrupts cilia
28
Amoxicillin
Cell wall inhibitor binding to penicillin binding proteins
29
Amoxicillin with Clavulanate
Cell wall inhibitor binding to penicillin binding proteins + inactivate enzymatic degradation by B-lactamases
30
Azythromycin
Interferes with mRNA protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit (inhibiting translation)
31
Pneumatic Otoscopy
Assess Tympanic Membrane integrity
32
Tympanometry
Detection of fluid in the middle ear
33
What's so special about cerumen?
Contains lysozyme and is slightly acidic deterring microbial growth
34
Common etiologies for Acute Diffuse Otitis Externa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | -itches, red canal, painful
35
Common etiologies for Malignant Otitis Externa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Common in elderly, diabetic and immunocompromised patients - invasion of bone/cartilage leading to cranial nerve palsy and death
36
Common etiologies for Fungal Otitis Externa
Aspergillus and Candida albicans
37
Symptoms associated with Neisseria gonorrhea
Green-yellow discharge from eyes
38
Symptoms associated with Adenovirus
Red eye, mild cold, clear drainage
39
Symptoms associated with Cytomegalovirus
Visual field deficit most common in HIV infected individuals
40
Symptoms associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae
Releases pneumolysin pore forming toxin
41
Otitis externa management
Topical neomycin, polymyxin, hydrocortisone

Neurological Medicine (8 decks)

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