EAPP (Fallacies) Flashcards
Occurs when an arguer presents his/ her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities
False Dilemma
Occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false, and vice versa
Appeal to Ignorance
Occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn
Slippery Slope
Occurs when two or more points are rolled into one and the reader is expected to accept or reject both at the same time, when one point may be satisfactory while the other is no
Complex Question
Occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is used to argue
Appeal to Force
Occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning
Appeal to Pity
Occurs when unpleasant consequences of believing something are pointed out to show that the belief is false
Appeal to Consequence
Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks
Bandwagon
Occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument
Attacking the Person
Occurs when the argument quotes an expert who’s not qualified in the particular subject matter
Appeal to Authority
The authority in question is not mentioned or named
Anonymous Authority
Occurs when a sample is not significant enough to support a generalization about a population
Hasty Generalization
Occurs when a writer assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways are also similar in other ways
False Analogy
Occurs when a general rule is applied to a situation, even when it should be an exception
Accident
It is an informal fallacy that states: “Since event A followed event B, event A must have been caused by event B.”
Post Hoc
Occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed
Wrong Direction
Occurs when the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are other factors which also contributed to the event
Complex Cause
Occurs when an argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead
Irrelevant Conclusion
Occurs when the position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute
Straw Man
Any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; If B is true therefore A is true
Affirming the Consequent
Any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; If A is not true then B is not true
Denying the Antecedent
Occurs when arguments contradict one another
Inconsistency
