EAPP: FALLACIES Flashcards
This is an argument that contains a mistake in reasoning.
LOGICAL FALLACY
A type of fallacy in which the premises, though logically relevant to the conclusion, fail to provide sufficient evidence for the conclusion.
FALLACIES OF INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE
A type of fallacy in which the premises are logically irrelevant to the conclusion.
FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE
A statement is ________ relevant to another statement if it provides at least some reason for thinking that the second statement is FALSE.
NEGATIVELY
A statement is ________ relevant to another restatement if it provides at least some reason for thinking that the second statement is TRUE.
POSITIVELY
A statement is ________ _______ to another statement if it provides at NO reason for thinking that the second statement is either TRUE OR FALSE.
LOGICALLY IRRELEVANT
Fallacies of Relevance:
When an arguer criticizes a person’s motivation for offering a particular argument or claim, rather than examining the worth of the argument or claim itself.
ATTACKING THE MOTIVE
Identify what fallacy:
1. X fails to follow their own advice.
2. Therefore, X’s claim or argument should be rejected.
LOOK WHO’S TALKING
This is an example of what fallacy?
Diplomat to Diplomat: I’m sure you’ll agree that we are the rightful rulers of the Iraq. It would be regrettable if we had to send armed forces to demonstrate the validity of our claim.
SCARE TACTICS
Fallacies of Relevance:
When an arguer appeals to a person’s desire to be popular, accepted, or valued, rather than to logically relevant or evidence.
BANDWAGON ARGUMENT
Identify what fallacy:
1. Person A has position X.
2. Person B presents position Y (which is a distorted version of X)
3. Person B attacks position Y.
4. Therefore X is false/incorrect/flawed.
STRAW MAN
Fallacies of Relevance:
When an arguer states or assumes as a premise (reason) the very thing he is seeking to probe as a conclusion.
BEGGING THE QUESTION
Identify what fallacy:
1. Topic A is under discussion.
2. Topic B is introduces under the guise of being relevant to topic A (when topic B is actually not relevant to topic A).
3. Topic A is abandoned.
RED HERRING
Fallacies of Relevance:
When an arguer attempts to evoke feelings of pity or compassion, where such feelings, however understandable, are not relevant to the truth of the arguer’s conclusion.
APPEAL TO PITY
Identify what fallacy:
1. P is presented, with the intent to create pity.
2. Therefore claim C is true
APPEAL TO PITY
This is an example of what fallacy?
Everyone is going to get the new smart phone when it comes out this weekend. Why aren’t you?
BANDWAGON ARGUMENT
This is an example of what fallacy?
Caroline says that she thinks her friends should not be so rude to the new girl. Jenna says that she cannot believe that Caroline is choosing to be better friends with the new girl than the girls who have always known her.
STRAW MAN
Fallacies Of Relevance:
When an arguer rejects a person’s argument or claim by attacking the person’s character rather than examining the worth of the argument or claim itself.
PERSONAL ATTACK
Fallacies of Relevance:
When an arguer attempts to justify a wrongful act by claiming that some other act is just as bas or worse.
TWO WRONGS MAKE A RIGHT
This is an example of what fallacy?
The rights of the criminal are just as important as the rights of the victim. Everyone’s rights are equal.
BEGGING THE QUESTION
This is an example of what fallacy?
Lou: “It is immoral to use non-human animals for our own purposes. That includes eating animals, or using them for our clothing.”
Greg: “Okay, Mr. Leather Shoes, I hear you loud and clear. Let me eat my steak now, would you please?”
TWO WRONGS MAKE A RIGHT
Fallacies of Relevance:
When an arguer rejects another person’s argument or claim because that person is a hypocrite.
LOOK WHO’S TALKING
Fallacies of Relevance:
When an arguer tries to sidetrack his audience by raising an irrelevant issue, and the claims that the original issue has been effectively settled by the irrelevant diversion.
RED HERRING
Fallacies of Relevance:
When an arguer threatens harm to a reader or listener and this threat is irrelevant to the truth of the arguer’s conclusion.
SCARE TACTICS
