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an essay that presents an opinion, makes a claim about an issue, and a stand supported by arguments and evidence.
position paper
process of using a rational, systematic series of steps based on sound mathematical procedures and given statements to arrive at a conclusion
logical thinking
expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as perceived w/o distortion, personal feelings, prejudices, and interpretations
objective expression of ideas
expressing both the arguments of conflicting ideas
balanced assignment of conflicting ideas
2 modes of reasoning
inductive and deductive
derives a generalization from specific examples and situations (specific to general)
inductive
proceeds from a general statement that leads to a particular or specific reference (general to specific)
deductive
tips for writing a good position paper
- use simple language
- give each separate idea its own paragraph
- each paragraph should start with a topic sentence
- proofread for mistakes
- cite your sources
recognized by society as a problem that is preventing it from functioning at an optimal level
social issues
centered on educational policy and practices
education
focuses on the advancements of tools and resources in the society
technology
issues focus on different types of media and their corresponding dilemmas and concerns
media
gives emphasis on the connection between and among individuals
relationships
conflicts withing and among nations and the branching consequences that arise
war and peace
the association between the well-being of a society and the quality of their environment
environment
encompasses everything that concerns running the gov’t
politics
features of writing a position paper
- a well-defined controversial issue
- a clear position on the issue
- a convincing argument
- a reasonable tone
this feature carefully defines the issue so that readers understand exactly what is at stake and why the issue is important
well-defines controversial issue
make the opinion you advocate explicit by announcing it directly in a thesis statement
clear position on the issue
this feature presents an argument designed to persuade readers that the opinion is valid and reasonable
convincing argument
adopt a tone that will be perceived as reasonable and trustworthy. acknowledge the validity of objections and explain your reasons for rejecting
reasonable tone
steps in writing a position paper
- select a topic
- challenge your own topic
- collect supporting evidence
structure of a position paper
- intro
- body: counterarguments and arguments
- conclusion
this part introduces the topis and catches the reader’s attention. it provides a background to explain the importance of the topic, as well as asserting the thesis statement
introduction
contains the counterarguments, arguments, evidence, and supporting details
body
summarizes and provides supporting details for the counterclaims; refutes the counterclaims; give evidences for argument
counterarguments
asserts and discusses the points or claims by providing supporting details
argument
it summarizes and reinforces main concepts and ideas; emphasizes your position; and suggests course of action and possible solutions
conclusion
claims backed by reasons that are supported by evidence
arguments
- statements about what is true or good or about what should be done or believed
- potentially arguable
- summarizes the main idea
- point of the argument
claim
- statements of support for claims, making those claims something more than mere assertions
- answers the question “WHY?”
- can normally be linked to claims with word “BECAUSE”
evidence
a method od gathering information from a sample of people, traditionally with the intention of generalizing the results to a larger population
survey
makes recommendations based on a careful analysis of data tallied and organized from survey findings. it requires you to systematically move from a big picture summary down to specific recommendations.
survey report
sections of a survey report
- title page
- table of contents
- part I: executive summary
- part II: objectives and background
- part III: methodology
- part IV: results
- part V: conclusions and recommendations
- appendices
Presents categorical variables. The length or height of the bar is equal to the quantity within that category of data
bar graph
A circular chart used to compare parts of the whole. It is divided into sectors that are equal in size to the quantity represented.
pie chart
Displays the relationship between two Kypes of information. They are useful in illustrating trends over time.
line graph
has connected bars that display the frequency or proportion of cases that fall within defined intervals or columns. The bars can be of varying widths and typically display continuous data.
histogram
a type of academic writing focusing on writing assignments that require observation and analysis. It aims to inform readers about the result and impact of an observed person, place, or event.
field report
TECHNIQUES IN RECORDING OUR OBSERVATIONS
note-taking, photography, video and audio recordings, illustrations/drawings
Use small paragraphs which reflect changes in activities. Leave space on the page so you can write down additional thoughts.
note-taking
Use a camera or your own smartphone to capture an important moment in time as well as to document details about the space where your observation takes place.
photography
Unfiltered record of the observation event. It enables you to rewatch or listen to what you recorded.
Video and Audio Recordings
You may do this by drawing a map of the observation setting or illustrating objects in relation to people’s behavior. This can also take the form of rough tables, charts, or graphs.
llustrations/Drawings
place where observation is conducted
physical setting
presence, placement, and arrangement of objects that impact the behavior
Objects and Material Culture
words used and tone of conversation
Use of Language
documenting when and who performs what behavior and how often they occur
behavior cycles
patterns of behavior or the moment when actions or events take place
Order of Events
objective, personal characteristics of individuals
Physical Characteristics
body posture or facial expressions
expressive body movements
format of a field report (IDICAR)
- introduction
- description of activities
- interpretation of analysis
- conclusion and recommendations
- appendix
- references
a description of the specific objectives and important theories or concepts; includes the ff:
- setting
- type of observation used
- focus
- methods used for data collection
introduction
enables readers to know and understand what happened to the situation, people, or events that you are writing about. Provide sufficient details.
Description of Activities
place the analysis and interpretations of your field observations within the larger context of the theories and issues you described in the introduction.
answers: “what is the meaning of what you have observed?”
Interpretation and Analysis
briefly recap the entire study and reiterate the importance or significance of your obsıvations.
Conclusion and Recommendations
includes:
figures/tables/charts/graphs of results, statistics, pictures, maps, drawings, or, if applicable, transcripts of interviews.
- this is where not-so-essential to explaining your findings is placed
appendix
list of all sources you consulted and obtained
references
- also scientific report, is a document that describes the process, progress, or results of technical or scientific research or the state of a technical or scientific research problem. It might also include recommendations and conclusions of the research.
technical report
