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Chemistry > EA Chemistry Revision > Flashcards

EA Chemistry Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Galactose is identical to glucose except:

A

On carbon number 4 the OH and H swap places

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2
Q

The disaccharide made by two glucose units is:

A

Maltose

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3
Q

The disaccharide made by glucose and galactose is:

A

Lactose

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4
Q

The disaccharide made by glucose and fructose is:

A

Sucrose

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5
Q

In carbohydrates, the link between two monosaccharides is called a:

A

Glycosidic link

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6
Q

A monosaccharide in a protein is called a:

A

Amino acid - it contains an amino group and a carboxylic acid group

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7
Q

a-helix structure contains ____ hydrogen bonds

A

intra-chain

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8
Q

B-helix structure contains ____ hydrogen bonds

A

inter-chain

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9
Q

Atom economy is:

A

The amount of desired product formed with respect to the total amount of product formed.

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10
Q

High temperature favours an ______ process

A

endothermic

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11
Q

The positive electrode in an electrolytic cell is the ___

A

anode

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12
Q

The positive electrode in a galvanic cell is the ____

A

cathode

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13
Q

The arrangement of polypropene where the methyl groups are on the same side is called _____

A

isotactic - has regular arrangements so it can be chrystalline and has a relatively high melting point

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14
Q

The arrangement of polypropene where the methyl groups are on regularly alternating sides is called _____

A

syntactic - has regular arrangements so it can be chrystalline and has a relatively high melting point

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15
Q

The arrangement of polypropene where the methyl groups are on random sides is called _____

A

atactic - no regular arrangement so low melting point, used for things like packaging

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16
Q

The midpoint of an acid/base indicator is when _____

A

the amount of disociated indicator ions is equal to the number of associated molecules of indicator

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17
Q

In alpha glucose, the hydroxyl group points _____

A

Down on the number 1 carbon

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18
Q

In beta glucose, the hydroxyl group points ______

A

Up on the number 1 carbon

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19
Q

When starch forms the hydroxyl group from the number 1 carbon links to the hydroxyl group of the number ____

A

4 or 6 carbon on a neighbouring glucose molecule

  • this is a condensation reaction forming a 1-4 (amylose) or a 1-4 and 1-6 (amylopectin) glycosidic link
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20
Q

Cellulose forms with ____ glucose

A

beta

the entire glucose molecule has to flip for every glycosidic link meaning the CH2OH swaps sides of the chain. This results in a very straight chain and allows cellulose to bond securely to neighbouring chains making it hard and rigid

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21
Q

Starch is made up of ____ glucose

A

alpha - OH pointing down

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22
Q

Cellulose is made up of ____ glucose

A

beta - OH pointing up

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23
Q

Kw =

A

[H+] x [OH-]

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24
Q

Triglycerides/fatty acids are made when _____ reacts with three _____ with ____

A

glycerol, carboxylic acid molecules, long carbon chains (on average around 16 carbons)

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25
Q

Are fatty acids soluble in water?

A

No

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26
Q

When the carbon chains of a fatty acid are polyunsaturated, the fat tends to be ___

A

oils like vegetable oil

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27
Q

When the carbon chains of a fatty acid are saturated, the fat tends to be ___

A

solid fats like margarine

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28
Q

If you break a triglyceride down with an acid then the products are ____

A

The glycerol and the three carboxylic acids

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29
Q

If you break a triglyceride down with a base (NaOH) then the products are ____

A

The glycerol and salts (in this case sodium salts)
- the carboxylic acid will perform a neutralisation reaction with the NaOH to form salts

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30
Q

The hydrolisis of a triglyceride with a strong alkali/base is called

A

saponification

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31
Q

Describe the important product of saponification

A

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain with an ionic bit next to the carboxylic acid

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32
Q

The hydrophobic end of the soap molecule is the ____

A

long hydrocarbon chain

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33
Q

The hydrophillic end of the soap molecule is the ____

A

ionic part that is next to the carboxyl group

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34
Q

Soap does not work in a hard water area because ____

A

the calcium in the water interacts with the ionic part of the soap molecule forming an substance that is insoluble in water

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35
Q

What is the cluster structure called when the covalent tails of the hydrocarbon chains in the soap molecules surround the grease, leaving the ionic parts sticking out at the exterior so that water can wash the grease off?

A

micelle

36
Q

How is biodiesel made?

A

Hydrolise a triglyceride and add methanol
- The carboxylic acids react with the methanol to form new, combustable esters

37
Q

What is the process of turning one ester into three seperate esters using in the hydrolisis process with METHANOL and what is the product?

A

Transesterification, biodiesel and glycerol

38
Q

When you ferment glucose with yeast the products are _____

A

ethanol and carbon dioxide

39
Q

When being used to oxidise a primary/secondary alcohol, dichromate would change colour from ____ to ____

A

orange to green

40
Q

When being used to oxidise a primary/secondary alcohol, manganate would change colour from ____ to ____

A

purple to pale pink

41
Q

When naming organic compounds, QCAA favours ___

A

including unneccessary numbers
like the 2 in 2-methylpropane rather than just methyl propane

42
Q

What is more polar? An amino acid with a long hydrocarbon chain attached or an amino acid with a short hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group attached?

A

The amino acid with a short hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group

43
Q

Standard electrode potential of a voltaic cell is equal to

A

E reduction - E oxidation
(be sure to use the value for the reduction equation for both never the oxidation equation)

44
Q

Reduction is the gain of _____, loss of ____ or gain of ______

A

electrons, oxygen, hydrogen

45
Q

Ka x Kb =

A

Kw
(normally 1x10^-14)

46
Q

Is cellulose a linear polymer

A

yes

47
Q

What is stronger, cellulose or starch?

A

cellulose

48
Q

What does w/v represent?

A

weight by volume (standard units is g/100mL)

49
Q

What is it called when amino acids join together?

A

peptide bond

50
Q

In the secondary structure of proteins, what bonds are formed between which atoms

A

hydrogen bonds are formed
oxygen that is double bonded to the carbon, hydrogen bonded to the nitrogen

51
Q

what bonds does a strand of cellulose form with other linear strands of cellulose

A

hydrogen bonds

52
Q

Acids react with hydrogen carbonates to form ___

A

salts, water and carbon dioxide

53
Q

A peptide bond is formed between which atoms

A

nitrogen and carbon

54
Q

Is glucose aldose or ketose?

A

aldose

55
Q

Is galactose aldose or ketose?

A

aldose

56
Q

Is fructose aldose or ketose?

A

ketose

57
Q

What is amylose?

A

a straight chain of a-glucose units with 1-4 bonds

58
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

a branching system of a-glucose with 1-4 and 1-6 bonds

59
Q

Is amylose or amylopectin more soluble in water?

A

Amylopectin

60
Q

What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen?

A

Glycogen has many more branches
Perhaps every 10-15 monomers rather than every 20-30 monomers

61
Q

In water, cellulose is ____

A

insoluble

62
Q

Is LDPE or HDPE more flexible and sometimes see-through?

A

LDPE

63
Q

Dose LDPE or HDPE have a mostly unbranched structure?

A

HDPE

64
Q

Is LDPE or HDPE more rigid and sometimes opaque?

A

HDPE

65
Q

Rf (retardation factor) is equal to ____

A

Distance sample travels / Distance solvent travels

66
Q

What moves faster, small molecules or big molecules?

A

Small molecules

67
Q

In electrophoresis, if the pH of the solvent is the same as the isoelectric point of the amino acid, the amino acid will ____

A

Not move

68
Q

In electrophoresis, if the pH of the solvent is greater than the isoelectric point of the amino acid, the amino acid will ____

A

Donate hydrogen ions and move towards the positive plate

69
Q

In electrophoresis, if the pH of the solvent is lesser than the isoelectric point of the amino acid, the amino acid will ____

A

Accept hydrogen ions and move towards the negative plate

70
Q

What is this called?: N2 + 3H2 // 2NH3

A

The Haber process

71
Q

What is this called: 2SO2 +O2 // 2SO3

A

The contact process

72
Q

What conditions do they use for the Haber process?

A

high pressure (200 atm), high temperature (450dC), iron catalyst

73
Q

What conditions do they use for the contact process?

A

> 1atm of pressure, high temperature (450dC), V2O5 catalyst

74
Q

After transterification occurs, the hydrolised carboxylic acids react with ____ to form ____

A

methanol, long combustable esters

75
Q

What is the ethanol yield when you ferment glucose with yeast?

A

15% - a rather poor yield. This is because the yeast is poisoned by the ethanol after it produces it

76
Q

The two equations in the standard electrode potential table relating to an acidic fuel cell have ___

A

H+ as an ion

77
Q

The two equations in the standard electrode potential table relating to an alkaline fuel cell have ___

A

OH- as an ion

78
Q

What colour is bromine water normally?

A

orange

79
Q

What happens to bromine water when shaken with an alkene?

A

decolourisation

80
Q

What happens to bromine water when shaken with an alkane?

A

nothing

81
Q

Carboxylic acids react with bases to form ____

A

Salts and water

82
Q

Carboxylic acids react with carbonates to form ____

A

Salts and water and carbon dioxide

83
Q

Is an amine a strong or weak, acid or a base?

A

a weak base

84
Q

Amine with water forms ___

A

RNH3+ + OH-

85
Q

Does pressure change keep Kc value constant?

A

Yes

86
Q

Does temperature change keep Kc value constant?

A

No

Chemistry (4 decks)

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