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EA Flashcards

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1
Q

EA acronym

A

Energy & Atmosphere

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2
Q

EA overall purpose

A

Addresses energy use holistically looking at
Energy-efficient design strategies
Energy use reduction
Renewable energy sources

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3
Q

EA facts

A

A large portion of current energy production comes from fossil fuels: coal, oil & Natural Gas

Extended intense use of fossil fuels has led to
Escalating market prices due to uncertain supplies
Destructive extraction processes
National security vulnerability

This is not sustainable. Buildings use 40% of total energy produced in the US and are a major contributor to these problems.

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4
Q

Energy Efficiency Design

A

prioritizes the reduction of overall energy needs through the use of:

Climate appropriate building materials 
Glazing selection
Building Orientation
Natural Ventilation
Passive Heating and Cooling Strategies
High Efficiency HVAC systems
Smart controls 
Purchase of “green power” or onsite renewable energy
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5
Q

CxA

A 
Commissioning Authority (CxA) A 3rd Party brought in to verify:
design functions as intended, 
meets owner’s requirements, 
helps reduce wasted energy 
Prevents long term maintenance issues. 
Climate appropriate building materials 
Glazing selection
Building Orientation
Natural Ventilation
Passive Heating and Cooling Strategies
High Efficiency HVAC systems
Smart controls 
Purchase of “green power” or onsite renewable energy
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6
Q

DR

A

The reduction of fossil fuel use is not limited to buildings only. Enrolling projects in demand response programs can increase electric grid efficiency.

Demand Response (DR) programs allow utility companies to decrease in buildings electricity usage during peak times effectively reducing the demand on the grid activity to construct new power plants.

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7
Q

EA core concepts

A

Energy efficiency and demand:
Understand energy criteria
Save energy
Measure the performance of energy related systems

The supply of energy
Buy offsite renewable energy
Generate on-site renewable energy

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8
Q

EA recognition

A

Energy star program:
ENERGY STAR is a voluntary EPA program that delivers environmental benefits and financial value through superior energy efficiency.
Target Finder Rating tool:
A no-cost online tool that enables architects and building owners to set energy targets and receive a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) energy performance score for projects during the design process.

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9
Q

EA incentives

A 
Private sector: 
lower risk and lower premiums for property insurance
Social responsibility of corporations
Availability of Monday
The public sector:
Tax rebates and credits
Incentive for development
Expedited plan review and permit processing
Technology-based measures
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10
Q

EA strategies

A

Utilized typical energy use patterns for various building types
Use statistical databases such as performance-based or prescriptive approaches
Use code based energy models

Consider building a orientation and envelope performance

Use EnergyStar appliances and energy efficient equipment

Track building energy performance through commissioning monitoring and verification

Generate on site renewable energy

Use passive solar energy, dental ventilation and passive cooling

Buy offsite renewable energy

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11
Q

EA prerequisites

A

Fundamental commissioning for building energy systems

Minimum energy performance

Fundamental refrigerant management

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12
Q

EA credits

A

Enhanced commissioning

Optimized energy performance

Advanced energy metering

Demand response

Renewable energy production

Enhanced refrigerant management

Green power and carbon offsets

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13
Q

EAP: fundamental commissioning and verification

A

Commissioning (Cx) verifies the building systems perform as intended and that objectives and goals are met.

Well-executed Cx process often leads to
Improved planning and coordination
Fewer system deficiencies in change orders
Fever corrective actions implemented during construction
Reduced energy consumption during building operations
Lower operating costs
Improved occupant health

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14
Q

EAP: Minimum energy performance

A

Buildings optimized through early integrated energy performance design can:

Improve thermal comfort
Improve indoor air quality
Improve access to daylight
Lower operating and maintenance costs
Reduce energy use through
Smart operational strategies
Improved mechanical system efficiency
Load reductions
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15
Q

EAP: Minimum energy performance

two approaches for compliance

A

Prescriptive approach:
Limited set of choices with mandatory performance characteristics
Simplified approach for straightforward buildings with standard systems
Appropriate for smaller budgets, simple projects.

Performance approach:
Energy modeling is used to simulate the overall energy performance of the building
Project teams can evaluate complex systems and make efficiency trade-offs between components and systems– Not possible in prescriptive approach

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16
Q

What standard does USGBC use?

A

USGBC uses ASHRAE 90.1-2010 as the standard on which to base requirements

On average it is 18% more efficient than the 90.1 - 2007 standard

17
Q

EAP: minimum energy performance

requirement

A

Demonstrate an improvement of
5% for new construction,
3% for major renovations, or
2% for core and shell projects

18
Q

EAP: building-level energy metering

A 
Allows building operators to:
Track energy consumption overtime
Analyze usage pattern variations
Develop measures for energy conservation
performance

Buildings often have discrepancies between projected and actual performance

USGBC gathers and analyzes performance data, identifies common traits among high and low performers by comparing building performance across the LEED portfolio, and then shares the results to assist LEED registrants in improving their buildings design

19
Q

CFCs

A

Some refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) contribute to stratospheric ozone layer depletion.
Damage to the marine foodchain
Ecological effects: reduced crop yields
Human health problems: skin cancer

1987 Montréal Protocol established an international agreement to phase out the use of CFCs and other harmful substances by 1995.

20
Q

HCFCs

A

Both CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are factors in ozone depletion, however only CFCs are addressed by this prerequisite.

21
Q

EAC: enhanced commissioning

A

Enhance commissioning provides owners additional verification and oversight that the building will meet their requirements and expectations during occupancy.

Post-construction verification visits and training are some of the enhancements that help ongoing quality building operations and control

22
Q

MBCx

A

Monitoring – based commissioning (MBCx) supplies the operators, the CxA, and building owner with a constant flow of information to help them identify operational issues in real-time, saving energy consumption, money, and time over the lifetime of building.

23
Q

BECx

A

Building envelope commissioning (BECx) is the other option in this credit to verify and test the buildings thermal envelope to achieve less energy expenditure and better building performance over its lifecycle.

24
Q

EAC: optimize energy performance

A

Approach used in Preq must also be used here:
Prescriptive approach:
50% of ASHRAE 90.1-2010 levels: 1-6 pts

Performance approach
Energy modeling is used to simulate the overall energy performance of the building

25
Q

Process energy

A

Energy required for refrigeration, cooking, laundry, circulation (elevators and escalators), computers, miscellaneous plug loads, msc. pumps etc. User selected systems.

26
Q

Regulated (non-process) energy

A

Energy required for HVAC, exhaust fans and vent hoods, interior and exterior lights, water heating. Architect/Engineer/Builder selected systems.

27
Q

Regulated (non-process) energy

A

Energy required for HVAC, exhaust fans and vent hoods, interior and exterior lights, water heating. Architect/Engineer/Builder selected systems.

28
Q

CHP

cogeneration

A

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems: Capture the heat that would be wasted in the process of generating electricity via fossil fuels. Much more efficient than separate systems. Aka: Cogeneration

They reduce peak demand
Generate fewer emissions
Reduce loss in electricity transmission and distribution
Release electrical grid capacity for other uses

29
Q

EAC: advanced energy metering

A

Install advanced energy metering for the following:
 all whole-building energy sources used by the building;
 any individual energy end uses that represent 10% or more of the total annual consumption of the building.

30
Q

EAC: advanced energy metering

requirements

A

Required characteristics:
permanently installed.
record at intervals of one hour or less, and
transmit data to a remote location
Must record consumption, demand & power factor, if appropriate.
Stores at least 36 months of Data
Must be remotely accessible.
Report hourly, daily, monthly, and annual energy use

31
Q

EAC: demand response

A

A sudden change in temperature or large scale activity in an urban area can cause sudden dramatic increases in HAVC use requiring large amounts of power immediately.

Utility companies have to respond quickly to keep the system operating reliably, in balance and below a reasonable cost.

32
Q

DR

A

Demand response (DR) strategies encourage reduction of electricity usage in peak demand hours and help utilities optimize their supply-side delivery systems and energy generation.

33
Q

EAC: demand repsonse

strategies

A

Tiered demand electricity pricing Energy is more expensive at peak times incentivizing users to stop using power during those hours.

Incentive programs reward commercial customers for agreeing to adjust their usage patterns when they receive and alert known as a DR event, or curtailment event, typically to the building automation system or a building operator- only during certain hours.

34
Q

EAC: renewable energy production

A

Renewable energy can offer environmental benefits of reduced carbon emissions & air pollution.

On-site renewable energy production protects projects from reliance on the grid and energy price volatility while reducing energy transmission loss.

35
Q

EAC: enhanced refrigerant management

A

Credit deals with two main threats caused by refrigerants:
Global warming potential (GWP)
Ozone depletion potential (ODP)

HCFC & CFCs and some other substances used in refrigerants or factors that cause stratospheric ozone layered depletion and have huge impact as a greenhouse gas.

Example: HCFC-22 is1,780 times the potency of an equal amount of CO2 in terms of its contribution to greenhouse effect.

Increased energy use must be balanced with pollution potential when specifying refrigerants. HFC-410 and the other newer refrigerant alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs have lower GWP but may require more energy which affects climate.

36
Q

EAC: green power and carbon offsets

A

Buildings using the renewable power to purchase renewable energy certificates (RECs) to create renewable energy market demand.

Carbon offsets let companies or buildings fund:
energy efficiency projects,
methane abatement,
reforestation or Land use changes
…to remove carbon from the atmosphere or decrease carbon emissions.

37
Q

RECs

A

renewable energy certificates

38
Q

OPR

A

Owner project requirements

LEED GA (10 decks)

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