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Amateur Radio 2024 - Extra > E8 - SIGNALS AND EMISSIONS [4 Exam Questions - 4 Groups] 45 Questions > Flashcards

E8 - SIGNALS AND EMISSIONS [4 Exam Questions - 4 Groups] 45 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

“What is the name of the process that shows that a square wave is made up of a sine wave plus all its odd harmonics?”

A. Fourier analysis
B. Vector analysis
C. Numerical analysis
D. Differential analysis

A

A. Fourier analysis

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2
Q

“Which of the following is a type of analog-to-digital conversion?”

A. Successive approximation
B. Harmonic regeneration
C. Level shifting
D. Phase reversal

A

A. Successive approximation

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3
Q

“What type of wave does a Fourier analysis show to be made up of sine waves of a given fundamental frequency plus all its harmonics?”

A. A sawtooth wave
B. A square wave
C. A sine wave
D. A cosine wave

A

A. A sawtooth wave

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4
Q

“What is “dither” with respect to analog-to-digital converters?”

A. An abnormal condition where the converter cannot settle on a value to represent the signal
B. A small amount of noise added to the input signal to allow more precise representation of a signal over time
C. An error caused by irregular quantization step size
D. A method of decimation by randomly skipping samples

A

B. A small amount of noise added to the input signal to allow more precise representation of a signal over time

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5
Q

“What of the following instruments would be the most accurate for measuring the RMS voltage of a complex waveform?”

A. A grid dip meter
B. A D’Arsonval meter
C. An absorption wave meter
D. A true-RMS calculating meter

A

D. A true-RMS calculating meter

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6
Q

“What is the approximate ratio of PEP-to-average power in a typical single-sideband phone signal?”

A. 2.5 to 1
B. 25 to 1
C. 1 to 1
D. 100 to 1

A

A. 2.5 to 1

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7
Q

“What determines the PEP-to-average power ratio of a single-sideband phone signal?”

A. The frequency of the modulating signal
B. Speech characteristics
C. The degree of carrier suppression
D. Amplifier gain

A

B. Speech characteristics

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8
Q

“Why would a direct or flash conversion analog-to-digital converter be useful for a software defined radio?”

A. Very low power consumption decreases frequency drift
B. Immunity to out-of-sequence coding reduces spurious responses
C. Very high speed allows digitizing high frequencies
D. All these choices are correct

A

C. Very high speed allows digitizing high frequencies

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9
Q

“How many different input levels can be encoded by an analog-to-digital converter with 8-bit resolution?”

A. 8
B. 8 multiplied by the gain of the input amplifier
C. 256 divided by the gain of the input amplifier
D. 256

A

D. 256

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10
Q

“What is the purpose of a low-pass filter used in conjunction with a digital-to-analog converter?”

A. Lower the input bandwidth to increase the effective resolution
B. Improve accuracy by removing out-of-sequence codes from the input
C. Remove harmonics from the output caused by the discrete analog levels generated
D. All these choices are correct

A

C. Remove harmonics from the output caused by the discrete analog levels generated

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11
Q

“Which of the following is a measure of the quality of an analog-to-digital converter?”

A. Total harmonic distortion
B. Peak envelope power
C. Reciprocal mixing
D. Power factor

A

A. Total harmonic distortion

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12
Q

“What is the modulation index of an FM signal?”

A. The ratio of frequency deviation to modulating signal frequency
B. The ratio of modulating signal amplitude to frequency deviation
C. The type of modulation used by the transmitter
D. The bandwidth of the transmitted signal divided by the modulating signal frequency

A

A. The ratio of frequency deviation to modulating signal frequency

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13
Q

“How does the modulation index of a phase-modulated emission vary with RF carrier frequency?”

A. It increases as the RF carrier frequency increases
B. It decreases as the RF carrier frequency increases
C. It varies with the square root of the RF carrier frequency
D. It does not depend on the RF carrier frequency

A

D. It does not depend on the RF carrier frequency

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14
Q

“What is the modulation index of an FM-phone signal having a maximum frequency deviation of 3000 Hz either side of the carrier frequency when the modulating frequency is 1000 Hz?”

A. 3
B. 0.3
C. 3000
D. 1000

A

A. 3

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15
Q

“What is the modulation index of an FM-phone signal having a maximum carrier deviation of plus or minus 6 kHz when modulated with a 2 kHz modulating frequency?”

A. 6000
B. 3
C. 2000
D. 1/3

A

B. 3

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16
Q

“What is the deviation ratio of an FM-phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus-or-minus 5 kHz when the maximum modulation frequency is 3 kHz?”

A. 60
B. 0.167
C. 0.6
D. 1.67

A

D. 1.67

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17
Q

“What is the deviation ratio of an FM-phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 7.5 kHz when the maximum modulation frequency is 3.5 kHz?”

A. 2.14
B. 0.214
C. 0.47
D. 47

A

A. 2.14

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18
Q

“Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technique used for which type of amateur communication?”

A. High-speed digital modes
B. Extremely low-power contacts
C. EME
D. OFDM signals are not allowed on amateur bands

A

A. High-speed digital modes

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19
Q

“What describes Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing?”

A. A frequency modulation technique that uses non-harmonically related frequencies
B. A bandwidth compression technique using Fourier transforms
C. A digital mode for narrow-band, slow-speed transmissions
D. A digital modulation technique using subcarriers at frequencies chosen to avoid intersymbol interference

A

D. A digital modulation technique using subcarriers at frequencies chosen to avoid intersymbol interference

20
Q

“What is deviation ratio?”

A. The ratio of the audio modulating frequency to the center carrier frequency
B. The ratio of the maximum carrier frequency deviation to the highest audio modulating frequency
C. The ratio of the carrier center frequency to the audio modulating frequency
D. The ratio of the highest audio modulating frequency to the average audio modulating frequency

A

B. The ratio of the maximum carrier frequency deviation to the highest audio modulating frequency

21
Q

“What is frequency division multiplexing?”

A. The transmitted signal jumps from band to band at a predetermined rate
B. Two or more information streams are merged into a baseband, which then modulates the transmitter
C. The transmitted signal is divided into packets of information
D. Two or more information streams are merged into a digital combiner, which then pulse position modulates the transmitter

A

B. Two or more information streams are merged into a baseband, which then modulates the transmitter

22
Q

“What is digital time division multiplexing?”

A. Two or more data streams are assigned to discrete sub-carriers on an FM transmitter
B. Two or more signals are arranged to share discrete time slots of a data transmission
C. Two or more data streams share the same channel by transmitting time of transmission as the sub-carrier
D. Two or more signals are quadrature modulated to increase bandwidth efficiency

A

B. Two or more signals are arranged to share discrete time slots of a data transmission

23
Q

“How is Forward Error Correction implemented?”

A. By the receiving station repeating each block of three data characters
B. By transmitting a special algorithm to the receiving station along with the data characters
C. By transmitting extra data that may be used to detect and correct transmission errors
D. By varying the frequency shift of the transmitted signal according to a predefined algorithm

A

C. By transmitting extra data that may be used to detect and correct transmission errors

24
Q

“What is the definition of symbol rate in a digital transmission?”

A. The number of control characters in a message packet
B. The duration of each bit in a message sent over the air
C. The rate at which the waveform changes to convey information
D. The number of characters carried per second by the station-to-station link

A

C. The rate at which the waveform changes to convey information

25
Q

“Why should phase-shifting of a PSK signal be done at the zero crossing of the RF signal?”

A. To minimize bandwidth
B. To simplify modulation
C. To improve carrier suppression
D. All these choices are correct

A

A. To minimize bandwidth

26
Q

“What technique minimizes the bandwidth of a PSK31 signal?”

A. Zero-sum character encoding
B. Reed-Solomon character encoding
C. Use of sinusoidal data pulses
D. Use of trapezoidal data pulses

A

C. Use of sinusoidal data pulses

27
Q

“What is the approximate bandwidth of a 13-WPM International Morse Code transmission?”

A. 13 Hz
B. 26 Hz
C. 52 Hz
D. 104 Hz

A

C. 52 Hz

28
Q

“What is the bandwidth of a 170-hertz shift, 300-baud ASCII transmission?”

A. 0.1 Hz
B. 0.3 kHz
C. 0.5 kHz
D. 1.0 kHz

A

C. 0.5 kHz

29
Q

“What is the bandwidth of a 4800-Hz frequency shift, 9600-baud ASCII FM transmission?”

A. 15.36 kHz
B. 9.6 kHz
C. 4.8 kHz
D. 5.76 kHz

A

A. 15.36 kHz

30
Q

“How does ARQ accomplish error correction?”

A. Special binary codes provide automatic correction
B. Special polynomial codes provide automatic correction
C. If errors are detected, redundant data is substituted
D. If errors are detected, a retransmission is requested

A

D. If errors are detected, a retransmission is requested

31
Q

“Which digital code allows only one bit to change between sequential code values?”

A. Binary Coded Decimal Code
B. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
C. Excess 3 code
D. Gray code

A

D. Gray code

32
Q

“How may data rate be increased without increasing bandwidth?”

A. It is impossible
B. Increasing analog-to-digital conversion resolution
C. Using a more efficient digital code
D. Using forward error correction

A

C. Using a more efficient digital code

33
Q

“What is the relationship between symbol rate and baud?”

A. They are the same
B. Baud is twice the symbol rate
C. Symbol rate is only used for packet-based modes
D. Baud is only used for RTTY

A

A. They are the same

34
Q

“What factors affect the bandwidth of a transmitted CW signal?”

A. IF bandwidth and Q
B. Modulation index and output power
C. Keying speed and shape factor (rise and fall time)
D. All these choices are correct

A

C. Keying speed and shape factor (rise and fall time)

35
Q

“Why are received spread spectrum signals resistant to interference?”

A. Signals not using the spread spectrum algorithm are suppressed in the receiver
B. The high power used by a spread spectrum transmitter keeps its signal from being easily overpowered
C. The receiver is always equipped with a digital blanker
D. If interference is detected by the receiver it will signal the transmitter to change frequencies

A

A. Signals not using the spread spectrum algorithm are suppressed in the receiver

36
Q

“What spread spectrum communications technique uses a high-speed binary bit stream to shift the phase of an RF carrier?”

A. Frequency hopping
B. Direct sequence
C. Binary phase-shift keying
D. Phase compandored spread spectrum

A

B. Direct sequence

37
Q

“How does the spread spectrum technique of frequency hopping work?”

A. If interference is detected by the receiver it will signal the transmitter to change frequencies
B. If interference is detected by the receiver it will signal the transmitter to wait until the frequency is clear
C. A binary bit stream is used to shift the phase of an RF carrier very rapidly in a pseudorandom sequence
D. The frequency of the transmitted signal is changed very rapidly according to a pseudorandom sequence also used by the receiving station

A

D. The frequency of the transmitted signal is changed very rapidly according to a pseudorandom sequence also used by the receiving station

38
Q

“What is the primary effect of extremely short rise or fall time on a CW signal?”

A. More difficult to copy
B. The generation of RF harmonics
C. The generation of key clicks
D. Limits data speed

A

C. The generation of key clicks

39
Q

“What is the most common method of reducing key clicks?”

A. Increase keying waveform rise and fall times
B. Low-pass filters at the transmitter output
C. Reduce keying waveform rise and fall times
D. High-pass filters at the transmitter output

A

A. Increase keying waveform rise and fall times

40
Q

“What is the advantage of including parity bits in ASCII characters?”

A. Faster transmission rate
B. The signal can overpower interfering signals
C. Foreign language characters can be sent
D. Some types of errors can be detected

A

D. Some types of errors can be detected

41
Q

“What is a common cause of overmodulation of AFSK signals?”

A. Excessive numbers of retries
B. Ground loops
C. Bit errors in the modem
D. Excessive transmit audio levels

A

D. Excessive transmit audio levels

42
Q

“What parameter evaluates distortion of an AFSK signal caused by excessive input audio levels?”

A. Signal-to-noise ratio
B. Baud rate
C. Repeat Request Rate (RRR)
D. Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)

A

D. Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)

43
Q

“What is considered an acceptable maximum IMD level for an idling PSK signal?”

A. +10 dB
B. +15 dB
C. -20 dB
D. -30 dB

A

D. -30 dB

44
Q

“What are some of the differences between the Baudot digital code and ASCII?”

A. Baudot uses 4 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 1 character as a letters/figures shift code, ASCII has no letters/figures code
B. Baudot uses 5 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 2 characters as letters/figures shift codes, ASCII has no letters/figures shift code
C. Baudot uses 6 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot has no letters/figures shift code, ASCII uses 2 letters/figures shift codes
D. Baudot uses 7 data bits per character, ASCII uses 8; Baudot has no letters/figures shift code, ASCII uses 2 letters/figures shift codes

A

B. Baudot uses 5 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 2 characters as letters/figures shift codes, ASCII has no letters/figures shift code

45
Q

“What is one advantage of using ASCII code for data communications?”

A. It includes built-in error correction features
B. It contains fewer information bits per character than any other code
C. It is possible to transmit both upper and lower case text
D. It uses one character as a shift code to send numeric and special characters

A

C. It is possible to transmit both upper and lower case text

Amateur Radio 2024 - Extra (10 decks)

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