e4 Flashcards
The terminal bronchiole would
=contain lots of surfactant
-be part of the conducting zone
-contain alveoli
-have a diameter greater than the bronchi
BE PART OF THE CONDUCTING ZONE
Movement of air through the alveolar duct into the alveoli occurs by
DIFFUSION
Which pressure would be the least at the end of inspiration
-alveolar intrapulmonary pressure
-mouth pressure
-intrapleural pressure
-atmospheric pressure
INTRAPLEURAL PRESS
Total lung capacity=
Vital capacity + residual volume
Smoking causes lung damage which leads to tissue loss which can result in
-decreased compliance
-decreased alveolar surface area
-increased elastin
DECREASE in alveolar SA
If resp frequency is 20 breaths/min, tidal volume is 600mL anddead space is 150 mL, alveolar ventilation is
9 L
At sea level in a hot and humid place the partial P of O2 in the ALVEOLAR air of a healthy person is
about 100 mmHG
Which brain region is important for conscious control of breathing
subcortical
medulla oblongata
cerebral cortex
pons
Cerebral cortex
Structure of the lung facilitates the rate of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood by
Maintaining a high partial pressure of O2 in alveolus
Increasing surface area
Decreasing the thickness of the alveolar/capillary membrane
all of the above
Fibrosis of the lung
decreases lung compliance
increases lung compliance
increases airway resistance
decreases the airway resistance
decreases lung compliance
Which is an example of RESTRICTIVE pulmonary lung disease
black lung
copd
emphysema
asthma
black lung
Gases move between air and blood by
diffusion
primary active transport
facilitated diffusion
secondary active transport
diffusion
Pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the __ pressures each gas exerts independently
sum
The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is determined by
temp
partial pressure of the gas
solubility
all
all of the above
a right shift in oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve means…
hemoglobin affinity for oxygen decreases
hemoglobin affinity for oxygen increases
hemoglobin saturation goes above 100%
oxygen cannot bind to hemoglobin
hemoglobin affinity for oxygen DECREASES
Fetal hemoglobin has a > affinity for O2 than adult hemoglobin, the disassociation curve is
shifted left
or right
left
Most of the co2 in blood is transported as
HCO3-
Which of the following is most likely decreasing alveolar PO2
pulmonary edema
asthma attack
anemia
asthma attack
Sleep apnea (obstructive!) might cause dropped PO2 by decreasing
alveolar po2
ambient po2
hemoglobin levels
aerobic respiration
Alveolar po2
The __ increases linearly with exercise intensity
heart rate
Blood flow to __- is similar at rest and exercise
kidney
The enzyme associated with renal function and control of water and salt balance
RENIN
What is TRUE of the loop of henle?
the ascending limb reabsorbs NaCl
The descending limb is permeable to water and the descending limb is impermeable to NaCl
The ascending limb is impermeable to water
All
all of the above
The ascending limb of loop of henle reabsorbs
NaCl
The descending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to
WATER
The ascending limb of loop of henle is impermeable to
WATEr
The descending limb is impermeable to what compound
NaCl
GFR is increased by dilation of the _ arteriole and constriction of the __ arteriole
Afferent (dilation) Efferent (constriction)
as blood flows through the glomerular capillaries, the oncotic pressure ___
increases
as blood flows through the peritubular capillaries the oncotic pressure will __
decrease
If a substance has a molecular weight greater than 10000 Da and it appears in urine it is ___ but not ___
secreted but not filtered
A normal dehydrated person would have tonicity related as
Loop of henle> glomerular capillary
Glomerular capsule
=
Proximal tubule > distal convoluted tubule < collecting duct
Which is true
About 10% of ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed
Most reabsorption occurs paracellularly
About 50% of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillary is filtered into the glomerular capsule
Water reabsorption from the collecting duct is regulated by ADH effects
Water reabsorption from the collecting duct is regulated by ADH effects
Majority of water and sodium is reabsorbed in the
PCT
Pathway of ultrafiltrate/urine to be excreted goes
Glomerular capsule–nephron–___ ___–___–___–___
renal pelvis – ureter–bladder–urethra
BP from highest to lowest
Renal aa> interlobar aa> ___ _____ > ____ ____> ____ ____> peritubular capillaries> interlobular vv> renal vein
Afferent aa> glomerular capillaries> efferent aa
A decrease in the BP below 70 mmHg will cause ___ of the afferent arteriole
VASODILATION
Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will likely ___ the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
INCREASE
A DECREASE in glomerular filtration rate is caused by ___ of the efferent arteriole
VASODILATION
Which of the following pressures FAVORS net glomerular filtration
Colloid osmotic in the plasma
Blood hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary
Fluid hydrostatic pressure in bowmans space
Blood hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary
Which of the following substances is not normally filtered by the nephron
RBCs
Glucose
Electrolytes
Amino acids
RBCS
Obligatory water loss for a human is around 20 L per day T/F
False
Excretion is the process of moving substances from blood into the nephron tubule lumen T/F
False
Approximately 50% of the daily ultrafiltrate produced is excreted as urine T/F
False
Which cell types forms the filtration slits in the glomerulus
Sympathetic nerves
Vascular smooth mm cells
Podocytes
Podocytes
The ultrafiltrate is formed in this part of the nephron
Bowmans (glomerular) capsule
Collecting duct
Glomerular capillary
Proximal convoluted tubule
BOWMANS
Almost all of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed in the
glomerular capsule
distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
ascending loop of henle
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
If aldosterone is presetn, K+ is secreted in the
ascending loop of henle
medullary collecting duct
proximal convulated tubule
distal convuluted tubule
DCT
Normally 2/3rd of the filtered Na+ is reabsorbed at this part of the nephron
dct
pct
cortical collecting duct
medullary collecting duct
proximal convuluted tubule
If the renal transport threshold for glucose is not exceeded then it will ___
almost all be reabsorbed
High intensity exercise increase arterial ____ to cause __
[H+] hyperventilation
Which of the following about water distribution in the body is false
most of the water is intracellular
20% of the tbw is extracellular water
there is more water in the interstitial fluid than in plasma
40% of the TBW is water
40% of the TBW is water
The kidney regulates all of the following except;
concentration of electrolytes in plasma
synthesis of RBCs
ph of Plasma
synthesis of plasma protein albumin
synthesis of plasma protein albumin
Which is true
the kidneys receive 20-25% of cardiac output
internal urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal mm
activation of somatic motor neurons causes rhythmic bladder contractions
external urethral sphincter is made of smooth muscles
the kidneys receive 20-25% of cardiac output
tidal volume
gas volume inspired or expired in unforced breathing cycle
reserve volumes are ___ and in addition to ___ ___
forced tidal volume
vital capacity
max gas expired after maximum inspiration
inspiratory capacity
max amount inspired after normal tidal expiration
At rest, the intrapleural pressure is always _______ than the atmospheric pressure
less
which gas has the biggest increase in alveolar partial pressure when compared to that found in warm humid atmospheric air?
nitrogen
carbon dioxide
oxygen
water vapor
CO2
lung compliance is likely to be decreased by
increased fibrosis
fewer t1 epithelial cells
more t2 epithelial cells
release of surfactant
increased fibrosis
