E3 Flashcards
What is the geriatric population make-up for ages 65, 65-74, 75-84, >85
65 = 40.4 mill 65-74 = 21.7 mill 75-84 = 13.1 mill >85 = 5.5 mill
What are the follow 2030 estimates
Age >65 yo %
Age >85 yo %
Age >65 yo % = 20%
Age >85 yo % = 14%
What was the 2017 life US expectancy
78.6 yo
How does elderly hospital usage differ from younger individuals
Use disproportionately more medical care
40% of inpatient surgical procedures
Greater than 2-3 times more surgical procedures
With >3x cost for hospital care in age >85 yo
What are two primary take-aways about aging
-Aging is associated w/ progressive loss of functional reserve in all organ systems
The extent of losses vary greatly between individuals
What are factors affecting aging
Genetic makeup lifestyle choices Environmental exposure Nutrition Chance
What kind of process is aging
NOT homogenous
What makes up 75% and 25% of longevity
75%: Lifestyle choices environmental exposure Nutrition Chance
25%
Genetic makeup
How does genetic mutation affect aging
Can extend life by more resistant to lethal injury from oxidative agents, heat, heavy metal, or radiation
List mechanisms that lead to defects in aging
Oxidative damage DNA damage and repair Mitochondrial senescence Malfunction of proteins Environmental factors
How does the process of oxidative damage affect aging
Free radicals:
by product of O2 use during energy metabolism
Generation of free radicals:
- Causes damage to chromosomal DNA
- Impairs gene function
- damage to telomeres
Define telomere and free radicals
Telomere:
- Short protective ends on DNA
- Group of nucleotide sequences protects the end of DNA from unraveling and interacting w/ compounds
How does DNA damage and repair contribute to defects of aging
Increases w/ somatic mutations are well recognized
Key enzymes:
Poly-adp ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1)
Telomere length
How do telomere length and PARP-1 correlate w/ aging?
Levels and telomere length correlate positively to lifespan
How does mitochondrial senescence contribute to aging defects
INC incidence of mutated mitochondrial DNA located in brain tissues, muscle cells and the gut