E3 Flashcards
To obtain the least pressure
apply a small force spread over a large area.
When a stretched material does NOT return to its original shape, it is called
plastic
When a stretched material returns to its original shape, it is called
elastic
Which of the following terms is defined as deformation divided by original length
strain
Which stress is caused by a pull on the body acted upon?
tensile
Which force exerts a squeezing effect on the body acted upon?
compression
A load that produces twisting of a body around its longitudinal axis is called a
torsion load
Identify the TRUE statement:
a. increasing the magnitude of a force acting on a surface area increaes the amount of stress acting on the surface
b. decreasing the magnitude of a force acting on a sruface area increases the amount of stress acting on the surface
c. Both
d. Neither
a. increasing the magnitude of a force acting on a surface area increases the amount of stress acting on the surface
Stress is defined as the
force per unit area
Connective tissue such as tendon and ligaments are ________, meaning that they do not have the same mechanical properties in every direction.
Anisotropic
Which component of bone is primarily responsible for its compressive strength?
minerals
Which component of bone is primarily responsible for its tensile strength?
collagen
Bone is strongest at resisting
compressive stress
Bone is weakest at resisting
shear stress
When an object or material is axially loaded in tension with forces pulling at the ends, the object tends to
elongate in the direction of external load
When an object is axially loaded in compression with forces pushing at the ends, the object tends to
shorten in the direction of the external load
What is a part of the axial skeleton?
The Skull
The Vertebrae
The Sternum
Articular cartilage overs
All bone surfaces at articulations
The scapula is an example of a _____ bone.
Flat
The fibula is an example of a _____ bone.
Long
The hard an dense outer later of long bones is composed of cortical bone.
T or F
True
The appendicular skeleton includes…
The limbs; i.e. the humerus
The type of joint that allows for the greatest range of motion is called
Synovial
The central portion of the skeltal system is called the
Axial Skeleton
One function of the synovial fluid is to nourish the articular cartilage
T or F
True
The shoulder joint is an example of a
Ball and Socket Joint
The complete ossification of the epiphyseal cartilage in most long bones occur
During puberty
Which of the following joint types allow only two degree of freedom of movement?
a. fibrous
b. ball and socket
c. pivot
d. saddle
e. none of the above
d. saddle
Which of the following joint types allows only one degree of freedom?
a. fibrous
b. ball and socket
c. pivot
d. saddle
e. none of the above
Pivot
Which of the following is known as the growth center of a bone?
Epiphysis
Which of the following structures contribute to the stability of a synovial joint? (4)
- Muscles
- Tendons
- Ligaments
- Articular Cartilage
All of them.
Which of the following is not part of the appendicular skeleton?
The ribs.
The function of the skeleton system includes (3)
- Movement
- Support
- Protection
A synovial joint includes (3)
- the articular cartiage
- the articular capsule
- the stnovial membrane
All of them
Range of motion of a limb can be limited by (3)
- Bone
- Ligament
- Muscles
All of them.
Mobility, or the ease of movement through a range of mottion can be affected by (4)
- Friction
- Muscles around the joint
- Loose particles in the joint
- Damage to the synovial membrane
All of them.
The torqe-generating capabilities of a muscle is affected by (2)
The cross-sectional area of the muscle
AND
The arrangement of the muscle around the joint.
The force applied by a muscle is
A pull.
The research on the tension-length relationship of muscles indicates that a muscle is capable of generating maximal force when the muscle is
slightly longer than resting length
Muscles are able to produce larger forces during centric conreactions than during isometric contractions
T or F
False
During an eccentric muscular contraction
The muscle lengthens
During an isometric muscular contraction
the muscle does no work
Type I muscle fibers have a faster rate of tension development than Type IIB muscle fibers.
T or F
False
Cords of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone are called
Tendons
When a muscle contracts, it pulls with
Equal force on each attachment
The unique distinguishing characteristic of muscle is
Its ability to develop tension
When a muscle is active and its attachments draw closer together, the muscle is acting
concentrically
When a muscle is active and its attachments DO NOT move relative to each other, the muscle is acting
isometrically
When a muscle is stretched quickly, the resulting stretch reflex causes the
muscle to contract
What reflex initiated during the backswing is critical in enhancing performance of a forehand drive in tennis?
Stretch
What specific stimulus does the Golgi tendon organ detect?
Tension in the muscle
In response to increased tension in a muscle, the reflec action initiated by the golgi tendon organ tends to cause the
muscle to relax
What is the proprioceptor for the stretch reflec?
Muscle spindle
The CNS consists of
The brain and spinal cord
The muscle spindle detects
the stretch of a muscle or its relative changes in length
Select the true statement:
a. The stretch reflex inhibits contraction of the antagonist muscle
b. the stretch reflex stimulates contraction of the stretched muscle
c. the tendon reflex inhibits contraction of the tensed muscle
d. a and b
e. all of the above
b. the stretch reflex stimulates contraction of the stretched muscle
The opposite of muscular endurance is what?
Muscular fatiguability
Which of the following types of strength training is particularly associated with subsequent muscular soreness?
Eccentric
High joints have how many axes?
1
As the velocity of a concentric contraction increases, the maximum force a muscle can produce increases.
T or F
False
The TENSION-generating capability of a muscle is affected by
the cross-sectional area of the muscle
The TORQUE-generating capability of a muscle is affected by
The cross-sectional area of the muscle
AND
The arrangement of the muscle around a joint
The force applied by a muscle is
a pull
The maximum amount of torque a muscle is able to produce about a joint is independnt of the angle of the joint
T or F
Flase
Select the true statement:
a. The stretch reflex inhibits contraction of the antagonist muscle
b. The stretch reflec stimualtes contraction of the stretcched muscle
c. The tendon reflex inhibits contraction of the tensed muscle
d. a and b
e. all of hte above
The stretch reflex stimulates contraction of the stretched muscle
Muscles are able to produce larger forces during concentric contractions than during isometric contractions
T or F
False
As the velocity of a concentric contraction increases, the maximum force a muscle can produce increases
T or F
False
During a concentric muscular contraction
The muscle does positive work
During an eccentric muscular contraction
The muscle lengthens
The muscle spindle detects
the stretch of a muscle or its relative changes in length
Type I muscle fibers have a faster rate of tension development than Type IIB muscle fibers
T or F
False
When a muscle contracts, it pulls with
equal force on each attachment
The size of the force produced in a whole-muscle contraction can be controlled by
altering the number of active motor units
AND
altering the rate of stimulation
The peripheral nervous system consists of
All the nervous tissue outside the brain and the spinal column.
Ligaments are less stiff and slightly weaker than tendons because
Ligaments have a different type of collagen fiber
Which of the following terms is used to describe bone with relatively high porosity?
Cancellous
In a child, severe injury to an epiphyseal plate may cause
Premature closure of the epiphyseal junction
AND
termination of longitudinal bone growth
What is the proprioceptor for the stretch reflex?
Muscle spindle
In response to increased tension in a muscle, the reflex action initiated by the golgi tendon organ tends to cause the
Muscle to relax
The pubic symphysis is an example of a
cartilaginous joint
The primary function of flat bones is
protection
Synarthrodial joints are
immoveable
Articular cartilage is composed of
hyaline cartilage
