E3 Flashcards
List the 7 mandatory (Linnaean) taxonomic ranks
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
Systematization VS classification
Systematization = organizing something into a more structured system
Classification = labeling organisms based on their characteristics, and places them into a category within a system
How has evolutionary systematization altered pre-evolutionary Linnaean classification?
Evolutionary systematization uses observable physical characteristics when grouping species
What does each name represent in a binomial name?
First name = genus, second name = epithet within that genus
Evolutionary taxonomy VS phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)
Evolutionary taxonomy = accepts paraphyletic groups, a common ancestor and SOME descendants
Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) = rejects paraphyletic groups, a common ancestor and ALL descendants
Five unranked taxa above the phylum level
Bilateria, Deuterostomia, Protostomia, Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa
Bloody Dog Pooped Everywhere Literally
Name the five grades of organization in animal complexity
Protoplasmic
Cellular
Cell-tissue
Tissue-organ
Organ-system
Parenchymal VS stromal cells of organs
Parenchymal cells = responsible for organ’s primary function
Stroma cells = support cells that provide structure and framework for parenchymal cells
List the four ways in which animal body plans can differ
- Grade of organization
- Body symmetry
- Number of embryonic germ layers
- Number of body cavities
Bilateral Symmetry
Division along the sagittal plane will divide the organism into TWO MIRRORED halves
Radial Symmetry
MORE THAN TWO planes passing through the longitudinal axis will divide the organism into similar halves
Spherical Symmetry
ANY PLANE passing through the center will divide an organism into two symmetrical or mirrored halves
Biradial Symmetry
ONLY TWO planes passing through the longitudinal axis will divide the organism into similar halves
Diploblasts VS triploblasts animals
Diploblasts animals = develop from two embryonic germ layers, (ectoderm and the endoderm)
Triploblastic animals = three embryonic germ layers, (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm)
Coelomate Triplobast
Mesodermal cells form a TRUE coelom via schizocoely or enterocoely, leaving two body cavities (gut and coelom)
Pseudocoelomate Triplobast
Mesodermal cells line the outer edge of the blastocoel, leaving two body cavities (FALSE coelom and gut)
Acoelomate Triplobast
Mesodermal cells completely fill the blastocoel, leaving ONLY ONE body cavity (the gut)
Schizocoely VS Enterocoely development
Schizocoely = coelom forms by splitting the mesoderm
Enterocoely = coelom forms off of the gut of the endoderm to form the mesoderm
Blind gut VS Complete gut
Blind gut = only 1 opening for food and waste
Complete gut = 2 separate openings
What is segmentation?
AKA metamerism, = repetition of the same or similar segments of the body along the longitudinal axis of the body (worms)
Asexual VS Sexual reproduction
Asexual = only one parent, offspring is genetically identical to parent
Sexual = two parents with genetic variation
Epigenesis VS Preformation of zygote
Epigenesis = fertilized egg contains building materials and was assembled by an unknown force
Preformation = organism’s form already present within zygote and unfolds as it develops
Briefly describe each stage of embryogenesis
Fertilization = first step, sperm and egg cell meet to form a zygote
Cleavage = Zygote divides rapidly to form smaller cells
Blastulation = smaller cells arrange to form a hollow ball with a fluid filled cavity, called a blastula
Gastrulation = final step, blastula arrange into cell layers of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
What stages of embryogenesis do ALL multicellular organisms undergo?
fertilization, cleavage, and gastrulation
How does the cortical reaction prevent polyspermy?
Releases enzymes from cortical granules that alter the structure and degrade sperm receptors to prevent other sperm from penetrating egg
