E2 biochemical pathways and enzymes

Question 1

p53 pathway

Answer 1

Question 2

cdk

Answer 2

Question 3

M-cyclin

Answer 3

Question 4

active /inactive M-cdk

Answer 4

Question 5

Rb, E2F

Answer 5

Question 6

CML

Answer 6

chromosome 9 and 22 crossover
white blood cell count very high

Question 7

BCR-ABL
normal vs drug pathway

Answer 7

substrate binds to BCR-ABL
ATP binds to BCR-ABL
substrate’s tyrosine gets phosphorylated
leads to CML
with the drug, imatinib(gleevec) binds to BCR-ABL instead of ATP, no phosphorylation happens.

Question 8

Tyrosine Kinase

Answer 8

dipolymerize
strands of PO4- groups.
MAPK pathway in gleevec.

Question 9

where is VEGF-A sourced form

Answer 9

released by hypoxic cells that do not have enough oxygen

Question 10

angioblasts

Answer 10

stem cells for angiogenesis, vascular formation

Question 11

filopodia-how do they travel?

Answer 11

secretion of proteolytic enzymes to eat through the ECM(extracellular matrix). Have many VEGF-A receptors that cause
contraction of actin filaments in that direction, making them move towards the VEGF-A source.

Question 12

filopodia-what happens when the source is reached?

Answer 12

The filopodia attach to the substratum and contract to pull the tip cell in that direction.

Question 13

stalk cells

Answer 13

forms vacuoles that connect to construct a vascular tissue. Blood would flow through the vacuoles.

Question 14

pericyte stabilization

Answer 14

after the vessels have been constructed, pericytes come to solidify the vessel

Question 15

HIF-1alpha

Answer 15

Question 16

alpha-beta tubulin

Answer 16

they both dimerize witj each other to form a protofilament that will be used in microtubules

Question 17

what is treadmilling in microtubules

Answer 17

when both the + and the - ends reach Critical Concentration/when the loss of protofilaments at the - end is equal to the gain of protofilaments at the + end.

Question 18

what is a catastrophe in microtubules?

Answer 18

Question 19

Describe MTOCs

Answer 19

Microtubule organizing centers. These make microtubules grow out.

Question 20

MAPs in microtubuls

Answer 20

microtubules associated proteins. Kinesin is good for transporting stuff towards +. Dynein transports towards - end

Question 21

what is the kinesin walk

Answer 21

Question 22

Myosin I and II

Answer 22

Question 23

oligomers

Answer 23

alpha and beta tubulin or actin, that together for an oligomer. This process is known as nucleation. Oligomers come together to form filaments.

Question 24

adherens junctions

Answer 24

uses actin, b-catenin,a-catenin, e-cadherin inbetween cadherins. b-catenin binds to membrane with high concentration of cadherin.

Question 25

desmosomes

Answer 25

binds to the intermediate filament, and also uses cadherin

Question 26

e-cadherin deficiency consequences?

Answer 26

enhances cell-crawling, leading to invasion of cells in ECM
permits beta-catenin to enter the nucleus as a transcription factor.

Question 27

beta-cadherin

Answer 27

binds to e-cadherin for cell-cell interaction
helps with structure by having the e-cadherin/beta-cadherin couple with alpha-actinin attach to actin filaments, which are part of structure
It transverses to the nucleus to activate the Wnt pathway, when the junctions dont work correctly and the desmosomes detach, releasing beta-cadherin