E2 2- mid1 - diseases of the hoof Flashcards
1
Q
How to examine the hoof?
A
You need to look at the:
- Balance: medial and lateral
- compare with a line, it should be perpendicular to the floor.
- Symmetry: see the hoof from the front and compare medial and lateral
- Horn quality
2
Q
Name a condition where you can see asymmetry and imbalance
A
Underrun heels
- one of the worst conformation abnormalities in the hoof capsule.
- Long toe, short heel
- Gives extra stress to the coffin joint in the navicular region and to the flexor tendon
3
Q
That is the regular/normal hoof?
A
- 45-50 degrees front hoof
- 50-55 degrees hind hoof
- the angulation is measured between the dorsal wall of the hoof capsule and the floor
- each horse has its own ideal hoof angle, but this is some standard numbers you can follow.
4
Q
Types of irregular hoof
A
Irregular hoofs are not sick hoofs
- Long-toe-low heel
* often seen in the overused limb in case of lameness - Steep hoof
* often seen in underused limb in case of lameness
- If the difference is significant it can tell us that the underused limb has a chronic condition - Narrow hoof
* The medial and lateral wall is perpendicular to the floor - Spreaded hoof (dont always cause lameness)
- Diagonal hoof
* focus on the solar surface of the hoof capsule, asymetrical line.
5
Q
Types of sick hoofs
A
- Too tight
- Too tight hoof capsule
- high heels
- Curved hoof
* seen dorsally, and the deviation is going laterally or medially - Too flat sole
* weight bearing problem - Clubfoot
- Often in foal or young horse.
- Curved dorsal wall
- Background: flexor deformity of DDFD.
- The DDFD is attaching to the palmar surface of P3, so if there is a flexor deformity this will lead to clubfoot.
- Chronic laminits (chronic founder)
- The heel region is growing, but the dorsal hoof wall is not
- high heels
- concave front wall
- Divergent growth
- Measure the distance between the rings dorsally and the rings on palmar surface. the distance is bigger dorsally
- Convex solar surface
- Widening white line
6
Q
Definition of Trush and its etiology, clinica signs and treatment
A
Trush: degenerative infective condition of the frog involving the central and lateral sulci
Etiology:
- Wet, unhygienic stable conditions
- neglect of daily foot care
- Predisposing factor: long contracted hees, deep sulci
- Fusobacterium necrophorum and others
Clinical signs:
- Black necrotic exudate in the affected area
- fould odor
- complications: lameness, swelling, (cellulitis, phlegmon)
Treatment:
- Cleaning up, debridement
- dry clean bedding
- Copper sulphate; phenol; ioidine 7%, Formalin 10%
7
Q
Canker
- definition, etiology, clinical signs
A
Canker: Chronic hypertrophic moist pododermatitis of the epidermal tissue starting mainly at the frog region
Etiology:
- unknown
- moist pasture, unhygenic conditions
- Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides spp.
Clinical signs:
- No lameness at early stage
- fetid odor
- frog: proliferative filamentous appearance
8
Q
Canker
- treatment
A
Early recognition:
- superficial debridement (can be enough in early stage)
- Topical AB, and matenance of clean dry environment
Late recognition
- Superficial or radical debridement?
- Radical is essential in late detection!
- AB therapy (procain penicillin, tetracyclin etc.)
- Topical and systemic (IV, SID, 10-14 days)
- Chloramphenical topically and systemic (?)
- metronidasol topically
- Topical appliction of ketoconasole, rifampin, DMSO in recurrent case
Its really painfull for the horse to remove it, so it needs sedation, opioids and perineural analgesia (abaxial sesamoid level, 2-3ml). Also use turniquete to stop bleeding, apply it proximally or near to the fetlock. After a few weeks you can use corrective shoeing.
9
Q
Hoof cracks
A
Separations or breaks in the hoof wall
- Horizontal crack (blowout)
- usually no lameness, seldom increases in size
- can predispose to vertical crcks if not in Medial-lateral balance
- Vertical crack (Toe-crack, quarter-crack or heel-crack)
- Originates at the coronet (sand cracks) –> very serious
- Originates at the ground surface (grass cracks) –> not so serious
10
Q
Sand cracks
- etiology, treatment
A
Etiology:
- injury to the coronary band
- infection in the white line (gravel)
- ML or diagonal imbalance - displaced coronet (coronary band)
Treatment:
- determine and remove the cause
- trimming, shoeing, balance the hoof
- immobilisation of the searated hoof wall edges (most important thing!)
- No weight bearing function on the palmar aspect, in this way it can grow down and the crack will disappear
- Horny tissue grows approx 1 cm pr month.
- so you can give zinck or biotin supplement to increase growth rate and quality
11
Q
Grass cracks
A
- much less serious than sand cracks
- too long unshod hooves
- proper trimming, some requires shoeing
12
Q
Types of inflammation of the hoof
A
- Aseptic circumscribed (sole bruise)
- Aseptic general - laminitis
- Septic circumscribed
- superficial: hood abscess
- deep septic
- Septic general = deep septic inflammation
13
Q
features of bruises and corns
A
- outer wall is not long enough
- flat hoof
- overtrimmed sole and rocky frozen ground
- may develop into an absess
14
Q
Corns
A
- bruises/abscesses where the hoof wall curved to join the bars
- can be due to mistake from farriers
- long toe - low heel hoof
- clinical signs:
- lameness (low to mild grade)
- treatment: phenylbutazone and correction of the shoes
15
Q
Hoof abscess
- causes
A
It is a local septic inflammation
Causes:
- exogen, foreign body damages the structures –> most common
- endogen way, hematogen (rare)
