E1 - Week 09 - Chapter 9: Blood, Lymph, Immune System Flashcards
Antibody (Ab)
Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign substance called antigen; also know as immunoglobulins (Igs)
Antigen
Substance, recognized as harmful to the host , that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual
Bile pigment
Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver
cytokine
chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in the other cells
Immunocompetent
The ability to develop an immune response or recognize antigens and respond to them
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane, causing its intercultural fluids to leak out; provides a generalized defense and respond whenever a potentially dangerous or abnormal cell is encountered.
Jaundice
The yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and of the white of the eyes caused by elevated levels of the chemical bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
Plasma
A liquid medium which solid components (blood cells) are suspended; a clear almost colorless fluid
Erthrocyes
The most numerous of the circulating blood cells which develop a specialized iron-containing compound called hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) carrying oxygen to body tissues and exchanges it for carbon dioxide
Where to blood cells form?
Blastic forms in the bone marrow of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and ends, of the long bones of the arms and legs.
Define Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis.
The development of blood cells to their mature form
Define Erythropoiesis.
The development of red blood cells (RBC)
How long do red blood cells (RBC) live?
120 days
Leukocytes
Protects the body from invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, and aid in the healing process. Critical to the body’s defense against disease
Diapedesis
The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation
What are two classifications for Leukocytes?
Granulocytes or Agranulocyes depending on whether their cytoplasm contains or lacks visible granules
Eosin Dye
A acidic dye that stains red
Alkaline Dye
A basic dye that stains a dark purple
Neutrophils
A granule that stains a pale lilac; have segmented nuclei; also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or polys; responsibly for ingesting and destroying bacteria and other foreign particles; the most numerous leukocyte circulating in the body; and the first cells to appear at a site of injury or infection to initiate phagocytosis of foreign material.
Eosinophils
Granules that stain red; main function is detoxification; most numerous during allergic reactions and animal parasite infestations
Basophil
Granules stain dark purple; main function is to release histamine and heparin at the sites of injury.
Monocytes
Mildly phagocytic when found in the blood vessels and when they exit they turn into macrophages.
Macrophages
Avid phagocytes capable of ingesting pathogens, dead cells , and other debris found at sites of inflammation.
Lymphocytes
Provide a highly specific body defense called acquired immunity and a generalized defense and respond whenever a potentially dangerous or abnormal cell is encountered; includes three different cell types: B cells, T cells, and Natural Killer cells
B cells
Provides acquired immunity on a (humoral)
Acquired Immunity
The most complicated type of body resistance ; develops only after birth in a immunocompetent individual; recognize and destroy potential threats to the well-being of the individual which provides a highly specific body defense
Main Function of Histamines
Initiate the inflammatory process by increasing blood flow to the damaged area carrying additional nutrients, immune substances, and immune cells that help in damage containment and tissue repair.
Heparin
A antiocoagulant - preventing blood from clotting at the site of injury
Thrombocytes
The smallest forms elements (cell fragments) found in the blood; initiate blood clotting when they encounter damaged vessels walls that have been injured or traumatized
Hemostasis
The complex series of interdependent reactions to control bleeding: the release of thromboplastin and the activation of fibrinogen
Thromboplastin
A substance that initiates clotting factors in the blood
Fibrinogen
a soluble blood protein that becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands that act as a net, entrapping blood cells
Thrombus
A jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin; also known as a blood clot
Blood serum
a product of blood plasma when the fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed
What are the four blood types?
A, B, AB, and O, based on the presence or absence of a specific antigens on the surface of RBC’s.
T cells
Provides adaptive immunity (cellular)
Functions of the Lymph System
Transporting lipids away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues; maintaining fluid balance of the body by draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood; Filtering and removing unwanted or infectious products
Lymph
a fluid in which lymphocytes and monocytes are suspended
Lymph Vessels
Closed-ended capillaries in tissue space and terminate at the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct in the chest cavity.
Interstitial Fluid
Resembles plasma but contains less protein which carries needed products to tissue cells while removing their waste, returns to the surrounding venules to become plasma or enter lymph capillaries to become lymph.
Lymph Capillaries
Closed-ended microscopic vessels
Lymph Nodes
Where macrophages phagocytize bacteria and harmful material while T cells and B cells exert their protective influence
Right Lymphatic Duct
Lymph from lymph vessels from the right arm and chest are drained into the right subclavian vein circulated in the blood to become plasma
Thoracic Duct
Lymph from lymph vessels from the lower body, left arm and chest are drained into the left subclavian vein circulated in the blood to become plasma
Spleen
Resembles a lymph node; acts as a filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents; destroys old RBCs
Thymus
Partially controls the immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into T cells to function in the immune system
