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Pathophysiology > E1 Ch 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology > Flashcards

E1 Ch 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathophysiology?

A

functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes
patho=physical changes
physi=functional changes
changes may be obvious or hidden at the cellular level
different than, but includes aspects of pathology, which is the laboratory study of cell and tissue changes associated w/ disease

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2
Q

disease

A

deviation from normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system
a definite pathological process with characteristic signs and symptoms

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3
Q

health

A

physical, mental, and social well being
different people have different baselines for health because of genetic differences, life experiences, and environmental influences

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes
when homeostasis is altered, disease occurs

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5
Q

7 steps to health

A
  1. don’t smoke and avoid secondhand smoke
  2. eat fruits, veggies, and high fiber, low fat foods; limit alcohol to 1-2 drinks/day
  3. physical activity
  4. protect from sun exposure
  5. screen for cancer
  6. visit doctor/dentist if normal state of health changes
  7. follow health and safety instructions when using, storing, and disposing of hazardous materials
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6
Q

disease prevention

A

primary prevention: protect healthy people from disease or injury
- education about good nutrition, importance of regular exercise, and the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
- education and legislation about proper seat belt and helmet use
- regular exams and screening tests to monitor risk factors for illness
- immunization against infectious disease
- controlling potential hazards at home and in the workplace

secondary prevention: halt or slow progression of disease; limit long term disability/prevent reinjury
- telling people to take daily, low dose aspirin to prevent a first or second heart attack or stroke
- recommending regular exams and screening tests in people with known risk factors for illness
- providing suitably modified work for injured workers

tertiary prevention: prevent further deterioration and protect quality of life
- cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs
- chronic pain management programs
- patient support groups

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7
Q

medical history

A
  • essential to identify any impact health care activities might have on a patient’s condition, or how a patient’s illness might complicate care
  • current and prior illnesses, allergies, hospitalizations, treatments, current health status, specific difficulties, therapy, prescriptions, otc medications, food or herbal supplements
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8
Q

diagnosis

A

identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, or other tools

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9
Q

etiology

A

causative factors of a disease
ex: congenital defects, inherited or genetic disorders, microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria, immunologic dysfunction, metabolic derangements, degenerative changes, malignancy, burns and other trauma, environmental factors, and nutritional deficiencies

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10
Q

idiopathic

A

cause of disease is unknown

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11
Q

iatrogenic

A

disease caused by a treatment or an error

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12
Q

predisposing factors

A

indicates high risk for a disease

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13
Q

prophylaxis

A

a measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease

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14
Q

prevention

A

vaccinations, dietary or lifestyle modifications, removal of harmful materials in the environment, cessation of harmful activities such as smoking

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15
Q

pathogenesis

A

development of the disease or sequence of events involved in tissue changes related to the specific disease process

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16
Q

onset of a disease

A

insidious: gradual progression, vague or mild symptoms
acute: sudden and obvious
chronic: gradual onset, causing damage the whole time

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17
Q

subclinical state

A

pathologic changes occur, but with no obvious manifestations

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18
Q

latent stage

A

disease is present, but patient is asymptomatic

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19
Q

prodromal period

A

nonspecific symptoms

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20
Q

manifestations

A

signs and symptoms of disease

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21
Q

signs vs symptoms

A

signs: objective indicators of disease, obvious to someone other than the affected individual, can be local or systemic

symptoms: subjective feelings, ex: pain, nausea

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22
Q

lesion

A

specific local change in tissue; can be microscopic or highly visible

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23
Q

syndrome

A

collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ, usually occur together in response to a certain condition

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24
Q

diagnostic tests

A

laboratory tests that assist in the diagnosis of a specific disease

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25
Q

remission and exacerbations

A

mark the course or progress of disease

remission: period or condition in which the manifestations of the disease subside, can be permanent or temporary

exacerbation: worsening in severity of disease or manifestations

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26
Q

precipitating factor

A

a condition that triggers an acute episode of a disease process

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27
Q

complications

A

new secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins

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28
Q

therapeutic interventions

A

treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow the progress of disease

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29
Q

sequelae

A

potential unwanted residual condition resulting from the primary condition

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30
Q

convalescence/rehabilitation

A

period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state; may last for several days or months

31
Q

prognosis

A

defines the probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes

32
Q

morbidity

A

disease rates within a group

33
Q

mortality

A

relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease

34
Q

autopsy

A

postmortem examination that may be performed after death to determine the exact cause of death or the course of the illness and effectiveness of treatment

35
Q

epidemiology

A

the science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease

36
Q

occurrence

A

tracked by recording
- incidence: number of new cases in a given population within a stated time period
and
- prevalence: number of new and old/existing cases within a specific population and time period

37
Q

epidemics

A

higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area

38
Q

notifiable or reportable diseases

A

must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities

38
Q

communicable diseases

A

infections that can be spread from one person to another

39
Q

cellular changes

A

cells can adapt growth and differentiation to altered conditions in the body

tissues may be modified due to hormonal stimulation (like increase in breast and uterine tissue during pregnancy) or environmental stimuli (like irritation)

disease may develop when cell structure and function are changed to the point where homeostasis cannot be maintained

40
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size of cells, resulting in a reduced tissue
common causes
- reduced use of the tissue
- insufficient nutrition
- decreased neurologic or hormonal stimulation
- aging
ex: the shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when a limb is immobilized

41
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of individual cells, resulting in enlarged tissue mass
common causes:
- additional work by the tissue
- consistent exercise on skeletal muscles
- excessive hormonal stimulation
ex: bodybuilders; uterine enlargement during pregnancy

42
Q

hyperplasia

A

an increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass
common causes:
- compensatory mechanism to meet increased demands
- may be pathologic when there is a hormonal imbalance
ex: uterine enlargement during pregnancy

43
Q

metaplasia

A

occurs when one mature cell type is released by a different mature cell type
common causes: vitamin a deficit, adaptive mechanism to provide a more resistant tissue
ex: when stratified

44
Q

dysplasia

A

tissue in which cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present, and the rate of mitosis is increased; detection of dysplasia is the basis of routine screening tests for atypical cells such as the pap smear

45
Q

anaplasia

A

precursor to neoplasia; cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous miotic figures; seen in most, but not all malignant tumors and is the basis for grading the aggressiveness of a tumor

46
Q

neoplasia

A

“new growth” commonly called a tumor, can be benign or malignant

47
Q

cellular adaptations

A

normal cells

48
Q

cellular adaptations

A

atrophy

49
Q

cellular adaptations

A

hyperplasia

50
Q

cellular adaptations

A

dysplasia

51
Q

cellular adaptations

A

hypertrophy

52
Q

cellular adaptations

A

metaplasia

53
Q

cellular adaptations

A

neoplasia

54
Q

causes of cellular damage

A
  • ischemia: a decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ, owing to circulatory obstruction
  • physical agents: excessive heat or cold, or radiation exposure
  • chemical toxins: exogenous (from environment), endogenous (from inside the body)
    -microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, and parasites
  • abnormal metabolites: genetic disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, altered metabolism
  • nutritional deficits
  • imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
55
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death; cells self-destruct by digesting themselves enzymatically, disintegrating into vesicles called apoptotic bodies, and are engulfed through phagocytic activity; normal occurrence in the body, does not cause inflammation; may increase when cell development is abnormal, cell numbers are excessive, or cells are injured or aged

56
Q

necrosis

A

death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ; irreversible damage, not a programmed cellular event, not a normal process, may cause inflammation
ex: liquefaction necrosis, coagulative necrosis, fat necrosis, caseous necrosis

57
Q

liquefaction necrosis

A

refers to the process by which dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes

58
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

occurs when the cell proteins are altered or denatured and the cells retain form for a time after death

59
Q

fat necrosis

A

occurs when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes

60
Q

caseous necrosis

A

form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms, commonly caused by tuberculosis

61
Q
A

liquefaction necrosis

62
Q
A

coagulative necrosis

63
Q
A

fat necrosis

64
Q
A

caseous necrosis

65
Q

infarction

A

an area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen

66
Q

gangrene

A

an area of necrotic tissue, usually associated with a lack or loss of blood supply that is followed by invasion of bacteria
ex: dry gangrene, wet gangrene, gas gangrene

67
Q

dry gangrene

A

often caused by coagulative necrosis, in which the tissue dries, shrinks, and blackens

68
Q

wet gangrene

A

a result of liquefaction causing the tissue to become cold, swollen, and black

69
Q

gas gangrene

A

caused by the buildup of gas within tissue and further reduces blood supply

70
Q
A

dry gangrene

71
Q
A

wet gangrene

72
Q
A

gas gangrene

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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