E1 (Ch 1-5)

Question 1

def: axons

Answer 1

go away from the brain or soma, sends signals

Question 2

more (__) inside the neuron and more (__) outside the neuron

Answer 2

(-), (+)

Question 3

def: polarized

Answer 3

when a membranes has different charges on opposite side

Question 4

Is a squid a mollusk?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

Does the giant squid axon have a fast or slow action potential?

Answer 5

fast AP

Question 6

def: action potential

Answer 6

a force that moves a charge to or away from surrounding neurons

Question 7

the positive ions of a neuron include…

Answer 7

Na, K, Ca, Mg

Question 8

the monovalent cations of the neuron (+1) are…

Answer 8

Na and K

Question 9

the bivalent cations of the neuron (+2) are…

Answer 9

Ca and Mg

Question 10

what ion gets in the way of calcium?

Answer 10

Mg

Question 11

the - ions of the neuron include…

Answer 11

chloride which is monovalent (-1)

Question 12

AP of different organisms have different speeds (T/F)

Answer 12

true

Question 13

the 2 types of activations of an AP include…

Answer 13

being continuously active or needing an order to activate

Question 14

What does GABA do to neurons?

Answer 14

inhibits neurons from activating until they are needed

Question 15

neurons can be ___ or ___

Answer 15

induced or autoactiva

Question 16

2 ways neurons are induced include…

Answer 16

internal and external forces

Question 17

the size of the neuron aligns with the size of the AP (T/F)

Answer 17

True

Question 18

The prosobranch gastropod

Answer 18

produces venom and is a predatory snail

Question 19

The sea hare (Aplysia Californica)

Answer 19

mollusk that has 2 appendages that can sense chemicals in the water

Question 20

The sea hare (Aplysia) has what kind of NS?

Answer 20

it has a distributed NS which is typical to invertebrates

Question 21

def: ganglia

Answer 21

clusters of neurons

Question 22

The sea hare (Aplysia) are not considered to have a brain but rather have…

Answer 22

ganglia

Question 23

Instead of a brain the The sea hare (Aplysia) has a ring of ganglia called the…

Answer 23

circumesophagleal ganglia

Question 24

the The sea hare (Aplysia) has been used to study molecular studies of…

Answer 24

behavior, learning, and memory

Question 25

The sea hare (Aplysia) has 3 sets of ganglia stack upon one another, list them and state number of clusters

Answer 25

cervical (2) ganglion ring (3) abdominal ganglia (1)

Question 26

the abdominal ring of the sea hare (Aplysia) controls ___ ____ and led to discoveries in ___ and ___

Answer 26

controls gill reflexes and led to discoveries in learning and memory

Question 27

what are of the brain controls learning and memory?

Answer 27

hippocampus

Question 28

invertebrates usually have cephalization (T/F)

Answer 28

False

Question 29

def: cephalization

Answer 29

brain formation

Question 30

common traits in the invertebrate NS include...

Answer 30

ganglia, connectives b/t ganglia, and nerves (sensory and motor)

Question 31

def: ganglion

Answer 31

a cluster of neurons with a central neuropile where fine processes of neurons are connected

Question 32

Invertebrates typically have large neurons and slow AP (T/F)

Answer 32

True

Question 33

def: hemocoel

Answer 33

a body cavity with blood

Question 34

def: efferent

Answer 34

signal from NS

Question 35

def: afferent

Answer 35

signal to NS

Question 36

when animals have no myelin they often have a ...

Answer 36

centralized NS

Question 37

the bigger the axon the...

Answer 37

bigger the AP because a bigger pipe=better flow

Question 38

traits of a pulmonate (garden ) snail include...

Answer 38

air and water, shelled, larger axons than ours

Question 39

the pulmonate (garden ) snails naurons have what enzyme?

Answer 39

Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH)

Question 40

Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) function is...

Answer 40

and amino acid that makes dopamine

Question 41

researches can use ___ to tag an antibody

Answer 41

fluorescencents

Question 42

the pulmonate (garden ) snail has ___ for a brain with ___ neurons

Answer 42

ring of ganglia with 10 neurons

Question 43

def: epitope

Answer 43

part of an antigen molecule that occurs in different places so the antibody can attach itself to surfaces

Question 44

def: indirect inflorescence

Answer 44

most common way to tag antibodies because its cheaper and results in a bigger final segment

Question 45

What is this process called? 1) immobilized agent A 2) primary antibody -> rabbit antibody directed against antigen A 3)secondary antibody ->marker coupled anti-bodies directed against rabbit antibodies 3) marker is completed

Answer 45

process is called indirect immunoflouresence https://ibidi.com/img/cms/applications/immunofluorescence/IF_principle_direct_indirect.jpg

Question 46

the 4 types of light microscopy include...

Answer 46

bright-field microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, Normaski differential-interface-contrast microscopy (DIC), and dark field microscopy (this list ranges from lightest to darkest)

Question 47

this image shows what kind of microscopy? https://livebloodonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/brightfield.jpg

Answer 47

bright field microscopy

Question 48

this image shows what kind of microscopy? https://ibidi.com/img/cms/applications/technical_aspects/microscopy_techniques/TA_PC_Rat1.jpg

Answer 48

phase contrast microscopy

Question 49

this image shows what kind of microscopy? https://www.leica-microsystems.com/fileadmin/_processed_/3/1/csm_Neurons_imaged_in_DIC_cba50ce7b9.jpg

Answer 49

Normaski differential-interface-contrast microscopy (DIC)

Question 50

this image shows what kind of microscopy? https://i0.wp.com/microscopegenius.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/darkfield.jpg?fit=530%2C530&ssl=1

Answer 50

dark field microscopy

Question 51

def: optogenetics

Answer 51

technique that uses light-sensitive ion channels to change protein channels genetically in mice so that when shown light there is a change in the AP

Question 52

channelrhodopsin is an example of channels from what ions?

Answer 52

Ca, Na, H, and K

Question 53

haloropsin is an example of channels from what ions?

Answer 53

Chlorine

Question 54

in optogenetics how does the AP change when the protein channel is shown light?

Answer 54

reverses the direction or stops it completely so that the bacterium moves

Question 55

optogenetics in mice occurs by using...

Answer 55

engineered DNA with a reporter gene is introduced into the mice