E1

Question 1

Identify five characteristics of development identified by the life-span perspective.

Answer 1

1. Multi-directional
2. Multi-contextual
3. Multicultural
4. Multidisciplinary
5. Plasticity

Question 2

Describe the three domains (biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial) into which human development is often separated.

Answer 2

1. BIOSOCIAL: physical development. brain development.
2. COGNITIVE: memory. thinking skills.
3. PSYCHOSOCIAL: social develoment and emotional development.

Question 3

List and describe the basic steps of the scientific method; Describe scientific observation, correlation, and the experiment as research strategies.

Answer 3

1. Begin with curiosity.
2. Develop a hypothesis.
3. Test the hypothesis.
4. Draw conclusions.
5. Report the results.

Question 4

Scientific Observation in Scientific Method

Answer 4

Scientific Observation requires researchers to record behavior systematically and objectively.

Question 5

Correlation in Scientific Method

Answer 5

a correlation exists between two variables if one variable is more or less likely to occur when the other does. it is positive if both variables tend to increase together or decrease together. its negative if one variable tends to increase while the other decreases, and zero if no connection is evident.

Question 6

Experiment as research strategies in Scientific Method.

Answer 6

Many participants, measured on many characteristics, including the dependent variable (AKA the behavior being studied). there is two equal groups. One the Experimental group. Two, the Control Group. The first group, Experimental is given special treatment known as the independent variable which then has significant change in the dependent variable and has a predicted outcome. the second group, control is given no special treatment. Which has no change in the dependent variable.

Question 7

Describe Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems approach to the study of human development, and explain how this approach leads to an understanding of the overlapping contexts in which people develop.

Answer 7

Scientific Observation requires researchers to record behavior systematically and objectively.

Question 8

Discuss the major focus of psychoanalytic theories.

Answer 8

Freud believed that Inner drives and motives are the foundation of this theory. These basic underlying forces are thought to influence every aspect of thinking and behavior, from the smallest details of daily life to the crucial choices of a lifetime

Question 9

Discuss the major focus of behaviorism.

Answer 9

Emphasizes the learning process. types of learning are:

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING , OPERANT CONDITIONING, and SOCIAL LEARNING

Question 10

Discuss the social learning theory as an extension of behaviorism.

Answer 10

social learning is when learning occurs through modeling what others do. the result is observed behaviors become copied behaviors.

Question 11

Identify the focus of cognitive theory, and briefly describe Piaget’s concepts of assimilation and accommodation.

Answer 11

cognitive theory is where each person’s ideas and beliefs are crucial. Intellectual advancement occurs because humans seek cognitive equilibrium, that is, a state of mental balance. An easy way to achieve this balance (called assimilation) is to interpret new experiences through the lens of preexisting ideas. Sometimes, however, a new experience is jarring and incomprehensible. That causes disequilibrium. disequilibrium leads to cognitive growth because it forces people to reassess their old concepts (called accommodation) to include the new information.

Question 12

Discuss the basic ideas of Vygotsky and the sociocultural theory of development.

Answer 12

human development is the result of dynamic interaction of developing persons with their surrounding culture.

Question 13

Discuss the basic ideas of epigenetic theory.

Answer 13

genes never function alone. environment can impact.
Acknowledges power instincts and abilities that arise from our biological heritage. Every aspect of development involves gene - environment interactions. epi-surrounding factors that affect expression of genetic instruction.

Question 14

Identify the mechanisms of heredity, and explain how sex is determined.

Answer 14

the mechanism of heredity must be located in the gametes. Since only the head of the sperm enters the egg and since the head is the nucleus of the sperm it is reasonable to state that the nucleus of the male gamete is the bearer of paternal characters.
Forty-five of a human’s 46 chromosomes are equally likely to be inherited by a boy or a girl. That includes both halves of the first 22 pairs (called autosomes) and one half of the 23rd pair (the X). Thus, sex and gender are irrelevant for 97.8 percent of who we are, genetically.

Question 15

Distinguish between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Answer 15

monozygotic twins also known as identical twins multiples originate from the same zygote, they have virtually identical genetic instructions for physical appearance, psychological traits, vulnerability to diseases, and everything else. Dizygotic twins also called fraternal twins originate from two zygotes created by two ova fertilized by two sperm. they have half of their genes in common.

Question 16

Differentiate genotype from phenotype; Explain the dominate / recessive pattern that some traits follow.

Answer 16

The genotype is the beginning of diversity; the phenotype is the actual manifestation of it, the result of “multiple interactions among numerous genetic and environmental factors” If a gene is expressed, the influence of many environmental factors determines the particulars of that expression.
Less common are nonadditive genes, which do not contribute equal shares. In one nonadditive form alleles interact in a dominant-recessive pattern. Then for a pair of genes (one from each parent), one gene, called dominant, is far more influential than the other, called recessive. When someone has a recessive gene that is not expressed that person is a carrier of that gene. The recessive gene is carried on the genotype.

Question 17

Describe common chromosomal abnormalities: Down syndrome.

Answer 17

The sperm and ova do not always carry exactly 23 chromosomes; about half of all zygotes have more than or fewer than 46 chromosomes. The most common extra-chromosome condition that results in a surviving child is Down syndrome, with three chromosomes at the 21st site.

Question 18

Prenatal Development: Trimesters

Answer 18

trimesters. Months 1, 2, and 3 are called the first trimester. in this first trimester, the building of basic structures occur.
months 4, 5, and 6 are the second trimester during this time, brain development is extensive. digestive and excretory systems are formed. and its the time of “age of viability”
months 7, 8, and 9, are the third trimester during this, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems take final form. the sleep and wake patterns occur at month 4. and the baby gains about five and half pounds.

Question 19

Prenatal Development: age of viability

Answer 19

happens around 24 weeks. this is the age in which the infant has some chance of survival our in the world with medical help.

Question 20

Prenatal Development: stages of pregnancy

Answer 20

First stage: In the first 2 weeks or prenatal development, its called a zygote.
Second stage: at weeks 2 to 8. its called an embryo. this is the most rapid changing in organs period.
Third state: around 9 weeks to the end about 40 its called a fetus. this is the longest period.

Question 21

Describe the significant developments of the germinal period, embryonic period, and the fetal period. Also describe what develops or is significant in each trimester.

Answer 21

GERMINAL PERIOD is the first 14 days. the zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception. development of the placenta.
EMBRYONIC PERIOD: from the third to the eighth week. the embryo follows a sequence of specific fast order. this is the most rapid change in the organism. three layers of tissue develops and folds in the middle. these layers become skin. the muscle and nerves system are created. a tube like structure called the neural tube become the brain and spinal chord later on.
FETAL PERIOD: from the 9th to final week. the fetus forms genitals and sex hormones. fully formed at 12 weeks weighing 3 ounces. this period has the greatest brain growth between the fourth and sixth months.

Question 22

Explain the main goal of teratology, and discuss several factors that determine whether a specific teratogen will be harmful.

Answer 22

one goal is to teratology are to describe and determain etiology. another goal is to explore mechanisms involved in the production of birth defects. the last goal is to devise means of prevention.
teratogens are any agent or condition including viruses and drugs, resulting in birth defects or complications. behavioral teratogens are agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning.

Question 23

Describe the effects of alcohol on the developing embryo or fetus.

Answer 23

alcohol can case fetal alcohol syndrome (known as FAS). embryos exposed to mother’s heavy drinking can develop fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). abnormalities include:

• facial deformities (like low set ears or wide spaced eyes.
• defective limbs, face, or heart (like short stature limbs).
• most are below average intelligence (like brain impacts)
• poor social skills.

Question 24

Describe the effects of nicotine on the developing embryo or fetus.

Answer 24

Nicotine can cause:

• pregnancy related problems
• respiratory problems
• S.I.D.S
• A.D.H.D
• low birth weight
• learning disabilities.

Question 25

Describe the effects of marijuana on the developing embryo or fetus.

Answer 25

weed can impact brain damage. can cause:

• pregnancy related problems
• deficits in language and memory
• increased tremors and startles.

Question 26

Describe the effects of, cocaine on the developing embryo or fetus.

Answer 26

Cocaine has no recognizable syndrome and no withdraw. you can not pick out a cocaine exposed baby. symptoms tend to come out later.
can cause:
-reduced birth weight, length, and or head circumference
-unstable central nervous system or excessive sluggish in response to stimuli
-information processing deficits
-caution is necessary.

Question 27

Describe the effects of opiates on the developing embryo or fetus.

Answer 27

Opiates are considered to be heroin, prescribed medication, etc.
can cause:
withdraw and N.A.S.
-slower fetal growth
-deficits in behavior and attention
-remain in hospital longer
-risk for seziers, brain bleeds, and death
-five day period watch with vitals ever 3 hours
-irritable, resents care giving, poor eaters and sleepers
-information process concerns
-usually full term babies, but smaller size.

Question 28

Describe the physical changes during the first 2 years, including those in height and weight, and changes in brain organization and structure.

Answer 28

babies lose 5 to 10 percent of weight within a couple of days in life then they gain an ounce a day for several months.
at birth the baby will be on average 7 pounds and have a length of 20 inches.
at 24 months the baby will have an average weight of 28 pounds and a length of 34 inches.
birth weight typically doubles by 4 months and triples by a year. by second year baby with be half of their adult height and about one fifth of their adult weight. which is four times heavier than they were at birth.
From two weeks after conception to two years after birth, the brain grows more rapidly than any other organ, being about 25 percent of adult weight at birth and almost 75 percent at age 2. Over the same two years, brain circumference increases from about 14 inches to 19 inches.
If teething or a stuffy nose temporarily slows weight gain, nature protects the brain, a phenomenon called head-sparing. (As discussed later, head-sparing cannot overcome prolonged malnutrition.)

Question 29

Discuss changes in the organization of sleep and wakefulness over the first two years.

Answer 29

Newborns sleep about 15 to 17 hours a day. Every week brings a few more waking minutes. For the first two months the norm for total time asleep is 14¼ hours; for the next 3 months, 13¼ hours; for the next 12 months, 12¾ hours.

Question 30

Discuss the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers and the advantages of breastfeeding.

Answer 30

FOR BABY:
-balance of nutrition like fat or protein adjusts to age of baby.
-breast milk has micro-nutrients not found in formula.
-less infant and adult illness,
-less childhood asthma
-better childhood vision.
FOR MOTHER:
-easier bonding with baby
-reduced risk of breast cancer and osteoporosis
-pleasure of breast-stimulation

Question 31

Describe the various infant reflexes and explain their importance. part two.

Answer 31

REFLEXES NOT IMPORTANT TO SURVIVAL:

• Babinski reflex: firmly stroking the sole of the foot, and the toes fan out.
• stepping reflex: when a baby is standed upright with feet on ground.
• bradycardic reflex: when submerged under water, baby holds breath and opens their eyes.
• Palmar grasp reflex: when palm is stroked or something placed in hand, finders will close.
• Moro reflex: with baby is startled will extend arms moving outward and throw head back. (even if asleep)
• Plantar reflex: if press on ball of foot, will curl toes inward.

Question 32

Describe the various infant reflexes and explain their importance. part one.

Answer 32

REFLEXES IMPORTANT FOR SURVIVAL:

• breathing
• crying (expanse of energy which regulates body temperature)
• tucking legs close to body
• shivering
• rooting or sucking
• swallowing
• crying

Question 33

Explain the development of fine motor skills.

Answer 33

Small body movements are called fine motor skills. The most valued fine motor skills are finger movements.
these skills are:
-grasps rattle when placed in hand
-reaches to hold an object
-9 to 12 months does thumb and finger grasp
-18 months stacks two blocks
-18 months imitates vertical line in drawing

Question 34

Explain the development of gross motor skills

Answer 34

large movements, are called gross motor skills. These skills emerge directly from reflexes and proceed in a cephalocaudal (head-down) and proximodistal (center-out) direction. belly time strengthens muscles
these skills include:
-at one month can hold head up when on the belly for a few seconds
-at 3 months when on the belly can hold chest up with arms
-3 to 4 months can roll over from back to belly
-6 months can sit up
-7 to 8 months can crawl on all fours
-9 months can stand up to stand by holding onto something
- 10 months starts “cruising” around the perimeter with assisted steps
-12 months can take first unassisted steps

Question 35

Explain Sensation and Perception in infancy.

Answer 35

Sensation occurs when a sensory system detects a stimulus, as when the inner ear reverberates with sound or the eye’s retina and pupil intercept light. Thus, sensations begin when an outer organ (eye, ear, nose, tongue, or skin) meets anything that can be seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched.
Perception occurs when the brain processes a sensation. This happens in the cortex, usually as the result of a message from one of the sensing organs, such as from the eye to the visual cortex.