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BIO 311C > E1 > Flashcards

E1 Flashcards

1
Q

*metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that occur in the cellular structure. includes both consumption and release, which convert molecules from the environment into biological molecules

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2
Q

dormant

A

wiki: alive but not growing
lecture: potential to be alive, but not showing properties of life currently

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3
Q

*properties of life

A

lecture: metabolism, form of reproduction, death
reading: order, evolutionary adaptation, reproduction, regulation, consumption of energy, growth and development, reaction to environement

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4
Q

*emergent property

A

properties due to the arrangements and interactions of parts

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5
Q

levels of biological organization

A
  • biosphere - earth
  • ecosystems - desert, forest, grasslands
  • communities - groups of living things including plants, fungi, animals
  • populations - group of species w/i bound of specified area
  • organisms - individual living thing
  • organs and organ systems - lungs, respiratory system
  • tissues - made of group of cells that work together to perform a specialized function - leaf tissue allows CO2/O2 in/out
  • cells - life’s fundamental unit of structure and function
  • organelles - functional components within the cell - chloroplast
  • molecules - consists of 1+ atoms
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6
Q

systems biology

A

attempts to model dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on the interactions among the system’s parts
e.g. how will lowering blood pressure affect the rest of the body?

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7
Q

cell

A
  • organism’s basic unit of structure and function

- smallest unit that exhibits all properties of life

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8
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

single celled, dna throughout cell, no organelles?, generally smaller than eukaryotes

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9
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

subdivided by internal members into various membrane-enclosed organelles, dna in nucleus

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10
Q

dna

A
  • double helix made of nucleotides: A, T, C, G
  • consists of 100k+ genes
  • encoded by arrangement of nucelotides
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11
Q

genes

A
  • specific portion of dna

- encode info to build molecules; notably proteins

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12
Q

proteins

A

carry out cellular work and play a structural role

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13
Q

chromosome

A
  • packages of genes

- consists of long dna molecule

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14
Q

what controls protein production? directly/indirectly? how?

A
  • dna controls protein production indirectly via RNA.
  • dna’s nucleotide sequence is copied to RNA, which is then translated into a specific protein with a unique shape and function
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15
Q

gene expression

A

process where information in a gene directs the production of a cellular product

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16
Q

genomics

A
  • large scale analysis of dna sequences

- study whole set of genes of a species and compare genes between species

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17
Q

genome

A

entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

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18
Q

feedback mechanism

A

regulates biological systems

19
Q

negative feedback

A

accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process. most common form of feedback.
- e.g. excess ATP production, last enzyme created inhibits beginning enzyme to slow down production

20
Q

positive feedback

A

end product speeds up its own production. less common

- e.g. blood clotting in response to injury. chemicals released by platelets attract more platelets

21
Q

evolution

A

accounts for unity and diversity of life

  • similarities: common ancestor, skeletal structure
  • differences: heritable changes, adapt to environment
22
Q

taxonomy

A

branch of biology that names and classifies species. formalizes the ordering of species into groups of increasing breadth based on the degree to which they share characteristics

23
Q

Linnaean system

A

(large to small)

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

24
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

25
Q

bacteria

A

most diverse and abundant prokaryotes

26
Q

archea

A
  • equally related between bacteria and eukarya

- most live in extreme environments - salty lakes, boiling hot springs

27
Q

eukarya

A

contains 3 kingdoms:

  • plantae - produce own sugar and food molecules via photosynthesis
  • fungi - absorb nutrients in surrounds often decomposing material
  • animalia - ingestion - eat and digest other things
28
Q

protists

A

kingdom split between animalia and fungi

29
Q

what do bacteria and archaea have in common?

A

generally single celled and microscopic

30
Q

natural selection

A

mechanism for evolutionary adaptation where the natural environment chooses certain traits to propagate among naturally occurring variant traits in the population

31
Q

element

A

pure substance that contains only one kind of atom

32
Q

atom

A

smallest unit that retains the qualities of an element

33
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

34
Q

mass number

A

protons + neutrons

35
Q

isotopes

A

elements with different neutron numbers; naturally present in universe

36
Q

half life

A

time it takes for element/compound to decay half of its weight; exponential growth

37
Q

Bohr model

A

nucleus surrounded by orbitals for electron shells

38
Q

*valence shell

A

outermost electron shell

39
Q

*electronegativity

A

attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons in a chemical bond

40
Q

6 elements living things are mostly composed of

A

SCHNOP

- hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

41
Q

*nonpolar covalent bond

A

electronegativity difference < 0.5

  • typically hydrophobic
  • undergo van der Waals interactions
42
Q

*polar covalent bond

A
  1. 5 < electronegativity difference < 1.8

- typically hydrophilic

43
Q

*ionic bond

A

electronegativity difference > 1.8

  • strong chemical attraction between oppositely charged ions
  • can be hydrophilic
44
Q
  • hydrogen bond

* * not sure got def’n right

A
  • attractive force between H atom that is covalently bonded to either N, O or F
  • forms between polar compounds
  • these polar compounds must have H bonded with either C, N, O or F
  • the highly electronegative elements (C, N, O, F) attract H’s electrons, causing the molecule’s ends with H to be slightly positive and the highly electronegative element to be slightly negative
  • these slightly negative H ends can then form a hydrogen bond with other molecules with slightly positive ends

BIO 311C (3 decks)

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