Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FUN E > E0 Biomedical literacy > Flashcards

E0 Biomedical literacy Flashcards

1
Q

what are italics used for and not used for?

A
  • used for bacterial taxa and genes
  • not used for serovar and strain designations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are bacteria often named after?

A
  • the scientist that discovered them and/or some descriptive information relating to their morphology, structure or ‘habitat’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are serovar?

A
  • surface molecules on bacteria (eg. Salmonella)
  • cause animals to raise antibodies which can then be used in identification
  • linked with the likelihood and severity of the disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how are strains of bacteria and viruses typically represented?

A

a capitalised letter and number relating to a structural molecule on its surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the integumentary system involve and what is its function?

A
  • skin and derived structure including hair and glands in the skin
  • protection, temperature regulation, senses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the skeletal system involve and what is its function?

A
  • bones and joints, ligaments and tendons
  • support, protection, movement, stores minerals and growth factors/cytokines
  • contains stem cells that control the haematopoietic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the muscular system involve and what is its function?

A
  • skeletal muscle, linked with bones
  • controls body movement and posture and contributes to heat generation/body warmth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the nervous system involve and what is its function?

A
  • central (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral (nerves outside CNS)
  • detect and respond to changes/demands in the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the endocrine system involve and what is its function?

A
  • glands that produce hormones
  • regulate body functions such as growth, menstrual cycle, sugar levels etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the glands in the head and neck?

A
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the glands in the torso/trunk?

A
  • thyroid
  • pancreas
  • adrenal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the cardiovascular system involve and what is its function?

A
  • heart, blood vessels, blood
  • circulation of blood (water, cells, nutrients, growth factors and hormones)
  • respiration, excretion, immune regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the lymphatic system involve and what is its function?

A
  • lymphatic vessels and fluid, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and tonsils
  • regulates return of fluids to the blood, immune regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the respiratory system involve and what is its function?

A
  • lungs, trachea, pharynx, larynx
  • transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide, immune regulation and vocalisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the digestive system involve and what is its function?

A
  • gastrointestinal tract: mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, anus, salivary glands, gall bladder, liver, pancreas
  • processes ingested food and drink, absorbs nutrients and excretes solid waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the urinary system involve and what is its function?

A
  • kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
  • produces, stores and eliminates liquid waste (urine) and contributes to balance and composition of body fluids
17
Q

what does the reproductive system involve and what is its function?

A
  • gonads: testes, ovaries, uterus, vagina, penis, ducts
  • production, storage and uniting of gametes, development and birth of the embryo/foetus
18
Q

what are the 2 cell division processes in humans?

A
  • somatic cell division (mitosis)
  • reproductive cell division (meiosis)
19
Q

what is histology?

A

the microscopic study of tissues

20
Q

what is a biopsy?

A

removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes

21
Q

what is an autopsy?

A

examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death

22
Q

what are the 3 distinct ‘germ layers’ that form in early embryo development that give rise to all tissues in the body?

A
  • endoderm: inner layer, forms lining of digestive tract, respiratory tract etc.
  • mesoderm: middle layer, forms tissues such as muscle, bone, blood vessels etc.
  • ectoderm: outer layer, forms skin and nervous tissue
23
Q

what is resolution (in terms of a microscope)?

A

the smallest separation of points within an object that can still be individually recognised as an image

24
Q

describe atrophy

A
  • decrease in the size of a tissue or cell
  • decrease workload of a cell or tissue (organelles shrink in size)
  • disuse of a tissue eg. long-term immobilisation, weightlessness
  • cessation of hormone or neural stimulation eg. spinal injuries
25
Q

describe hypertrophy

A
  • increase in the size of a tissue or cell
  • increase workload of a cell or tissue (organelles increase in size)
  • exercise can increase muscle bulk
  • in response to disease eg. heart tissue size increases due to hypertension
26
Q

describe hyperplasia

A
  • increase in cell number in a tissue as a result of increased mitosis rate
  • increased workload, hormonal and local signals
  • notably affects tissues like kidney, liver and connective tissues and also seen during menstruation (endometrial hyperplasia)
  • compensatory hyperplasia can occur in the liver after acute injury
27
Q

describe metaplasia

A
  • change of a cell from one type to another related cell type
  • in response to irritation or injury
  • eg. smoking causes ciliated columnar epithelial cells to change to stratified squamous epithelial cells
  • results in loss of normal function and possible precursor to more sinister, cancerous changes
28
Q

describe dysplasia

A
  • alteration in size, shape and organisation of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation
  • can be indicative of more sinister cancerous changes
  • screened for in cervical smears
  • dysplastic changes are graded on a scale from minor to severe
29
Q

describe neoplasia

A
  • a collection of cells in a tissue dividing uncontrollably
  • distinct morphology compared to surrounding normal tissue
  • typically form a tumour (benign or malignant)
30
Q

what is angiogenesis?

A
  • the growth of small, new blood vessels by tumours from existing blood vessels which allows them to grow and spread
  • a normal physiological process which cancer cells exploit
31
Q

what does the suffix -oma usually apply to?

A
  • usually applies to a benign tumour
32
Q

what does the suffix -carcinoma apply to?

A
  • usually applies to a malignant tumour of epithelial cells
33
Q

what does the suffix -sarcoma apply to?

A
  • usually applies to malignant tumours of connective tissues
34
Q
A

FUN E (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions