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1. Elliot Science 7 75% > E Planet Earth > Flashcards

E Planet Earth Flashcards

1
Q

The movement of rock and mineral grains from one place to another

A

erosion

(technically physical or mechanical erosion rather than chemical erosion)

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2
Q

The process where eroded material is deposited and built up.

A

Sedimentation

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3
Q

The physical break up of rocks

e.g. gravity causes rock to drop and break

A

mechanical weathering

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4
Q

frozen water splits rocks

A

frost wedging

this is an example of mechanical weathering

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5
Q

acid rain breaks down rocks

(limestone and dolomite are the usual ones that are broken down)

A

chemical weathering

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6
Q

living organisms (such as plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi) break down rocks

A

biological weathering

e.g. plant root wedges and breaks rock

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7
Q

What are the three types of weathering, and what do they do?

A
  • mechanical
  • chemical
  • biological

they change the landscape since they are breaking up rocks

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8
Q

What causes erosion?

A
  • glaciers (ice)
  • gravity
  • wind (air)
  • water
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9
Q

What are the layers of Earth from outside in?

A
  • crust
  • mantle
  • outer core
  • inner core
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10
Q

crust

A
  • outside of the earth
  • made of rock, minerals, oil, gas etc.
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11
Q

mantle

A
  • made of rock (upper –> solid) and magma (lower –> taffy consistency)
  • has upper and lower mantle
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12
Q

lithosphere

A

the crust and the upper and lower mantles

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13
Q

outer core

A
  • made of iron and nickle (just like the inner core)
  • colder than the inner core but super hot
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14
Q

inner core

A
  • iron and nickle
  • 6000 degrees celcius (hotter than outer core)
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15
Q

need more cards in this unit - stay tuned!

A
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16
Q

What is Earth characterized by?

A

Constant motion and change

This refers to the dynamic nature of Earth’s geological and atmospheric processes.

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17
Q

What natural phenomenon is caused by intense heat from deep inside Earth?

A

Volcanoes that spew lava

Volcanoes are formed when magma from the Earth’s interior reaches the surface.

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18
Q

What causes earthquakes?

A

Huge plates of rock moving across Earth’s surface

These tectonic plates can collide, pull apart, or slide past each other, leading to seismic activity.

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19
Q

What geological feature grows upward due to tectonic activities?

A

Mountains

Mountains are formed primarily through the processes of tectonic uplift and volcanic activity.

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20
Q

How do wind and water affect mountains?

A

They wear them down and carry them away

Erosion is the process through which natural forces like wind and water gradually wear away rock and soil.

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21
Q

What is the primary component of Earth’s landscape?

A

Rocks

Rocks are hard and difficult to move, contributing to the perception that Earth’s landscape doesn’t change much.

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22
Q

What cycle is associated with the change in Earth’s landscape?

A

Landform cycle of creation, loss, and renewal

This cycle describes how the structure of Earth undergoes changes over time.

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23
Q

What are sudden geologic events that can dramatically change the landscape?

A

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides

These events can occur quickly and have catastrophic results.

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24
Q

What are examples of slower geologic processes?

A

Glacial and river erosion

These processes happen more gradually and are generally less harmful to humans.

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25
Q

True or False: Most changes to Earth’s landscape go unnoticed.

A

True

While changes do occur, they often happen without immediate recognition.

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: Earth’s landscape is largely made up of _______.

A

rocks

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27
Q

What happens during the landform cycle?

A

Creation, loss, and renewal

This cycle reflects the ongoing changes in Earth’s landscape.

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28
Q

What is a model?

A

A model is an idea of something that can’t be fully known or seen.

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29
Q

Why are models useful?

A

Models are useful when something is too big, too small, or too complicated for us to study easily.

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30
Q

What forms can models take?

A

Models can take many forms, including:
* Drawings
* Actual constructions
* Comparisons to familiar things

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31
Q

Give an example of a model.

A

A globe is a model for Earth.

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32
Q

Fill in the blank: A model demonstrates an object or an idea that is _______.

A

[difficult to picture in its real form]

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33
Q

What do geologists study?

A

Earth

Geologists are scientists who focus on the study of Earth, including its structure, materials, and processes.

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34
Q

Why do geologists use a model to understand Earth’s inner structure?

A

Because Earth is too large and extreme conditions prevent direct exploration

Direct examination of Earth’s core is impossible due to extreme conditions, necessitating the use of models.

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35
Q

How deep would geologists have to dig to reach the Earth’s center compared to the deepest mine?

A

More than 1700 times the depth of the deepest mine

The deepest mine in the world is a gold mine in South Africa, which reaches a depth of 3.8 km.

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36
Q

What is the depth of the deepest mine in the world?

A

3.8 km

This depth is found in a gold mine located in South Africa.

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37
Q

Is the interior of the Earth solid or molten liquid?

A

Unknown; scientists are still investigating

The nature of Earth’s interior remains a subject of study and exploration.

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38
Q

What are some questions scientists have about Earth’s layers?

A

What are the layers that make up Earth? How thick is its outer skin? What does the center core look like?

These questions reflect the curiosity of scientists regarding Earth’s composition and structure.

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39
Q

What is the outer layer of the Earth called?

A

The crust

The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth.

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40
Q

What are some features found in the Earth’s crust?

A

Mountains, valleys, plains, hills, plateaus

These features are all part of the Earth’s crust.

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41
Q

What is the thickness range of the Earth’s crust?

A

10-90 km

The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth.

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42
Q

What is the thickness of the mantle?

A

About 2900 km

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43
Q

Is the mantle the same thickness throughout?

A

No, it isn’t the same all the way through

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44
Q

What is the state of the upper part of the mantle?

A

Solid, like the crust

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45
Q

What do the solid upper part of the mantle and the crust together form?

A

A layer called the lithosphere

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46
Q

What happens to temperature and pressure below the solid upper part of the mantle?

A

They are higher

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47
Q

What is the state of the rock below the solid upper part of the mantle?

A

Partly melted

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48
Q

True or False: The rock below the solid upper part of the mantle can flow slowly.

A

True

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49
Q

What is the state of rock in Earth’s molten outer core?

A

The rock is completely liquid or molten

This condition is due to extremely high temperatures.

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50
Q

How thick is the molten outer core of Earth?

A

About 2200 km thick

This thickness contributes to the overall structure of Earth’s interior.

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51
Q

What is the state of rock in Earth’s molten outer core?

A

The rock is completely liquid or molten

This condition is due to extremely high temperatures.

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52
Q

How thick is the molten outer core of Earth?

A

About 2200 km thick

This thickness contributes to the overall structure of Earth’s interior.

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53
Q

What does the inner core consist mainly of?

A

Solid iron and nickel

The inner core reaches temperatures as high as 7000°C.

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54
Q

What state of matter is the outer core believed to be?

A

Liquid

The pressure in the outer core isn’t great enough to solidify the molten rock.

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55
Q

What fraction of Earth’s mass does the mantle make up?

A

About two thirds

The mantle is the layer between the crust and the outer core.

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56
Q

How does the heat from the inner core affect the crust?

A

The crust radiates heat into the atmosphere

This is due to the high temperatures present in the inner core.

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57
Q

True or False: The outer core is solid.

A

False

The outer core is liquid due to insufficient pressure.

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58
Q

Fill in the blank: The inner core reaches temperatures as high as _______.

A

7000°C

This high temperature is primarily due to the pressure and radioactive decay.

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59
Q

What does the inner core consist mainly of?

A

Solid iron and nickel

The inner core reaches temperatures as high as 7000°C.

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60
Q

What state of matter is the outer core believed to be?

A

Liquid

The pressure in the outer core isn’t great enough to solidify the molten rock.

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61
Q

What fraction of Earth’s mass does the mantle make up?

A

About two thirds

The mantle is the layer between the crust and the outer core.

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62
Q

How does the heat from the inner core affect the crust?

A

The crust radiates heat into the atmosphere

This is due to the high temperatures present in the inner core.

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63
Q

True or False: The outer core is solid.

A

False

The outer core is liquid due to insufficient pressure.

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64
Q

Fill in the blank: The inner core reaches temperatures as high as _______.

A

7000°C

This high temperature is primarily due to the pressure and radioactive decay.

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65
Q

What are earthquakes?

A

Earthquakes are tremblings or vibrations of the ground.

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66
Q

What causes earthquakes?

A

The sudden release of energy that has slowly been building up in Earth’s crust.

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67
Q

What happens to large masses of rock in the Earth’s crust before an earthquake?

A

They move and sometimes become locked together or stuck.

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68
Q

What is created when large masses of rock become locked together?

A

A tremendous force.

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69
Q

What happens when the rocks finally break?

A

This sudden break causes an earthquake.

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70
Q

What is the first place that rocks break below the surface in an earthquake called?

A

Focus

The focus is the initial point of rupture in an earthquake.

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71
Q

What happens when rocks break at the focus during an earthquake?

A

Releases energy that spreads as waves through Earth

This energy release is what generates seismic waves.

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72
Q

What are the waves called that spread through Earth during an earthquake?

A

Seismic waves

The term ‘seismic’ comes from the Greek word ‘seismos,’ meaning ‘earthquake.’

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73
Q

What causes the shaking felt during an earthquake?

A

Seismic waves moving through the ground

The intensity of the shaking depends on the power of the seismic waves.

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74
Q

What can powerful seismic waves do to Earth’s surface?

A

Damage and change it

The extent of damage can vary based on the energy released and the geological conditions.

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75
Q

How do geologists use seismic waves in their studies?

A

To study Earth’s interior

Seismic waves travel through Earth’s layers, providing insights similar to X-rays in medicine.

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76
Q

What is the first place that rocks break below the surface in an earthquake called?

A

Focus

The focus is the initial point of rupture in an earthquake.

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77
Q

What happens when rocks break at the focus during an earthquake?

A

Releases energy that spreads as waves through Earth

This energy release is what generates seismic waves.

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78
Q

What are the waves called that spread through Earth during an earthquake?

A

Seismic waves

The term ‘seismic’ comes from the Greek word ‘seismos,’ meaning ‘earthquake.’

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79
Q

What causes the shaking felt during an earthquake?

A

Seismic waves moving through the ground

The intensity of the shaking depends on the power of the seismic waves.

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80
Q

What can powerful seismic waves do to Earth’s surface?

A

Damage and change it

The extent of damage can vary based on the energy released and the geological conditions.

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81
Q

How do geologists use seismic waves in their studies?

A

To study Earth’s interior

Seismic waves travel through Earth’s layers, providing insights similar to X-rays in medicine.

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82
Q

What is the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

The point on the surface directly above the focus

The focus is the actual location within the Earth where the earthquake originates.

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83
Q

Why do officials need to know the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

To provide disaster relief and determine potential harm to people, buildings, transportation systems, or communications.

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84
Q

What scales do geologists use to measure the strength of earthquakes?

A

Various scales to determine the strength or magnitude

These scales allow for data sharing and comparison among scientists worldwide.

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85
Q

What is the name of the scale used to report earthquake magnitude?

A

Richter scale.

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86
Q

Who developed the Richter scale and in what year?

A

Charles Richter in 1935.

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87
Q

How much stronger is an earthquake of Richter magnitude 2 compared to one of magnitude 1?

A

10 times stronger.

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88
Q

True or False: The epicentre is located below the Earth’s surface.

A

False.

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89
Q

Fill in the blank: The epicentre is directly above the _______.

A

[focus]

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90
Q

What is the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

The point on the surface directly above the focus

The focus is the actual location within the Earth where the earthquake originates.

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91
Q

Why do officials need to know the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

To provide disaster relief and determine potential harm to people, buildings, transportation systems, or communications.

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92
Q

What scales do geologists use to measure the strength of earthquakes?

A

Various scales to determine the strength or magnitude

These scales allow for data sharing and comparison among scientists worldwide.

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93
Q

What is the name of the scale used to report earthquake magnitude?

A

Richter scale.

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94
Q

Who developed the Richter scale and in what year?

A

Charles Richter in 1935.

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95
Q

How much stronger is an earthquake of Richter magnitude 2 compared to one of magnitude 1?

A

10 times stronger.

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96
Q

True or False: The epicentre is located below the Earth’s surface.

A

False.

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97
Q

Fill in the blank: The epicentre is directly above the _______.

A

[focus]

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98
Q

What is a volcano?

A

A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which solid and molten rock, ash, and gases escape.

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99
Q

What natural phenomenon is associated with volcanoes?

A

Earthquakes.

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100
Q

True or False: Scientists can accurately predict when a volcano will erupt.

A

False.

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101
Q

Fill in the blank: A deep rumbling in the ground and a fiery flash in the night sky are signs of a _______.

A

volcano.

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102
Q

What materials escape from a volcano during an eruption?

A

Solid and molten rock, ash, and gases.

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103
Q

What is a volcano?

A

A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which solid and molten rock, ash, and gases escape.

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104
Q

What natural phenomenon is associated with volcanoes?

A

Earthquakes.

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105
Q

True or False: Scientists can accurately predict when a volcano will erupt.

A

False.

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106
Q

Fill in the blank: A deep rumbling in the ground and a fiery flash in the night sky are signs of a _______.

A

volcano.

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107
Q

What materials escape from a volcano during an eruption?

A

Solid and molten rock, ash, and gases.

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108
Q

What are the two main processes that shape Earth’s surface?

A

Weathering and erosion

Weathering involves breaking down rocks, while erosion involves transporting the weathered materials.

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109
Q

Define weathering.

A

The mechanical and chemical process that breaks down rocks by means of water, glacial ice, wind, and waves

Weathering can be mechanical or chemical, affecting rock composition and structure.

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110
Q

What is erosion?

A

The process where products of weathering are transported from place to place

Erosion can occur due to agents like wind, water, and ice.

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111
Q

What is deposition?

A

The process of materials being laid down or deposited by wind, water, and ice

Deposition occurs after erosion has transported materials.

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112
Q

True or False: Weathering produces new materials.

A

False

Weathering breaks down existing materials but does not create new ones.

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113
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

The process where rock is broken apart without changing its chemical composition

Mechanical weathering can occur due to physical forces like freeze-thaw cycles.

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114
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of weathering and erosion leads to the __________ of Earth’s features.

A

transformation

This transformation can create various landforms and landscapes.

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115
Q

List the agents that contribute to weathering.

A
  • Water
  • Glacial ice
  • Wind
  • Waves

Each agent plays a role in breaking down rocks through different processes.

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116
Q

What role does wind play in weathering?

A

Wind helps in the mechanical weathering process by eroding materials and transporting them

Wind can carry small particles that can abrade larger rocks.

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117
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Chemical weathering happens when water and oxygen react with the minerals in rocks to produce new minerals.

These new minerals are often softer and can crumble more easily.

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118
Q

How do acids contribute to chemical weathering?

A

Gases combine with rain or snow to form acids that can wear away rocks by dissolving the minerals in them.

This process is similar to a sugar cube dissolving in water.

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119
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Biological weathering is the wearing away of rocks by living things.

Growing plants force their roots into small spaces where soil has collected.

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120
Q

How do plants contribute to biological weathering?

A

Plants can break down rocks by forcing their roots into them as they grow.

This can create small cracks that eventually lead to the rocks crumbling.

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121
Q

What is the effect of moving water on erosion?

A

Moving water, like rivers and streams, is one of the most powerful forces of erosion that alters the landscape.

It can pick up fine grains of soil and carry them along.

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122
Q

Fill in the blank: Chemical weathering produces new _______.

A

[minerals]

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123
Q

True or False: Biological weathering only occurs in dry environments.

A

False

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124
Q

What can be observed in older buildings and statues affected by acid rain?

A

They exhibit wear and degradation due to chemical weathering.

Acid rain can dissolve minerals in the stone, leading to structural damage.

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125
Q

What happens to certain rocks exposed to chemical weathering?

A

They wear away similarly to a sugar cube dissolving in water.

This process reduces their size until they eventually disappear.

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126
Q

What is the load of silt, sand, mud, and gravel carried by rivers called?

A

Sediment

Sediment is the material that rivers carry and deposit as they flow.

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127
Q

What is the process called when sediments are deposited?

A

Sedimentation

Sedimentation typically occurs at the bottom of bodies of water.

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128
Q

What factors influence the weathering process in rivers?

A

Nature of moving water, amount of water, steepness of terrain

These factors affect how quickly and effectively sediments are weathered.

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129
Q

What term is used for landforms that are created by the action of rivers?

A

Fluvial landforms

Fluvial landforms result from the processes of erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments by rivers.

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130
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of sediments being deposited usually occurs at the _______.

A

Bottom

Sediments settle at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water.

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131
Q

True or False: Sedimentation can take a great deal of time.

A

True

The process of sedimentation is often gradual and can take thousands of years.

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132
Q

What are examples of fluvial landforms?

A

Balanche, Deasee

These are specific examples of landforms shaped by river processes.

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133
Q

What is erosion?

A

The powerful forces caused by moving water that gradually wear away rock and soil.

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134
Q

What does erosion transport?

A

Rock and soil.

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135
Q

How can erosion change the landscape?

A

Sometimes quickly, such as in landslides.

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136
Q

What are landslides?

A

Sudden movements of rocks and soil down a slope.

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137
Q

When do landslides usually happen?

A

When soil on the side of a hill gets shaken with water.

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138
Q

What happens to vegetation during a landslide?

A

It slides down the hillside along with the soil.

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139
Q

Fill in the blank: Erosion is caused by _______.

A

[moving water]

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140
Q

True or False: Erosion can only change the landscape gradually.

A

False

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141
Q

What can happen to buildings during a landslide?

A

They can slide down the hillside.

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142
Q

What are the main components discussed in relation to ice and snow?

A

Ice and snow

These components are crucial for understanding glacial formations and their impact on landscapes.

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143
Q

What phenomenon is described as having shaped the landscape over millions of years?

A

Glacial activity

Glaciers have been significant agents of erosion and landscape modification.

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144
Q

Fill in the blank: The landscape has been greatly shaped by _______.

A

glaciers

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145
Q

What is the approximate range of glacial thickness mentioned?

A

600 to 1000 meters

This thickness indicates the substantial mass of ice that can influence geological formations.

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146
Q

True or False: The text suggests that glaciers have been present for only a few thousand years.

A

False

Glaciers have existed for millions of years, shaping the earth’s surface.

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147
Q

What are the sounds associated with glacier movement?

A

Creaking and groaning noises

These sounds are indicative of the dynamic processes occurring within and around glaciers.

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148
Q

What is the significance of bedrock in the context of glaciers?

A

Bedrock is the underlying layer that glaciers erode and shape

The interaction between glaciers and bedrock is vital for understanding geological processes.

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149
Q

What term refers to the study of glaciers and their impact on the landscape?

A

Glaciology

Glaciology encompasses the study of ice, snow, glaciers, and their effects on the earth.

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150
Q

What geographic area is mentioned in relation to glacial visitation?

A

North America

North America has significant glacial features and histories worth studying.

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151
Q

What are the building blocks of rock?

A

Pure, naturally occurring solid materials called minerals.

Minerals are essential components of rocks.

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152
Q

What is the composition of all rocks?

A

All rocks are made of minerals.

This includes both single-mineral rocks and multi-mineral rocks.

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153
Q

What type of rock is formed of only one mineral?

A

Limestone.

Limestone is an example of a monomineralic rock.

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154
Q

What is granite composed of?

A

Several different minerals.

Granite is an example of a polymineralic rock.

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155
Q

What are the small particles that make up a rock called?

A

Grains.

The grains can vary in size, shape, and composition.

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156
Q

What factors affect the appearance and properties of a rock?

A

The nature of its grains and the particular materials of which they are made.

This includes factors such as mineral composition and texture.

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157
Q

True or False: All rocks are made of the same type of minerals.

A

False.

Different rocks can be composed of different minerals.

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158
Q

Fill in the blank: The appearance and properties of a rock depend on the nature of its _______.

A

grains.

Grains are the basic components that determine rock characteristics.

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159
Q

What is the total number of different minerals identified?

A

More than 3500 different minerals have been identified.

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160
Q

How many minerals combine to form the majority of the rocks in Earth’s crust?

A

Five minerals combine to form the majority of the rocks.

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161
Q

List the five minerals that form the majority of the rocks in Earth’s crust.

A
  • Calcite
  • Quartz
  • Feldspar
  • Mica
  • Hornblende
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162
Q

True or False: You need to recognize all 3500 minerals to identify most rocks.

A

False

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163
Q

Fill in the blank: The five primary minerals that constitute most rocks are calcite, quartz, ________, mica, and hornblende.

A

[feldspar]

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164
Q

What is the total number of different minerals identified?

A

More than 3500 different minerals have been identified.

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165
Q

How many minerals combine to form the majority of the rocks in Earth’s crust?

A

Five minerals combine to form the majority of the rocks.

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166
Q

List the five minerals that form the majority of the rocks in Earth’s crust.

A
  • Calcite
  • Quartz
  • Feldspar
  • Mica
  • Hornblende
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167
Q

True or False: You need to recognize all 3500 minerals to identify most rocks.

A

False

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168
Q

Fill in the blank: The five primary minerals that constitute most rocks are calcite, quartz, ________, mica, and hornblende.

A

[feldspar]

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169
Q

What is required to identify rocks?

A

Identify the minerals they contain

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170
Q

What have geologists developed to describe rocks and minerals?

A

A series of classifications for describing their properties

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171
Q

What are properties in the context of minerals?

A

Features that a material or object has

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172
Q

List some important properties used to identify minerals.

A
  • Colour
  • Lustre
  • Streak
  • Cleavage
  • Hardness
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173
Q

Is knowing only one property sufficient to identify a mineral?

A

No, you need to look at a combination of these properties

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174
Q

How can the identification process of minerals be compared?

A

To a jigsaw puzzle

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175
Q

What is the first property you usually notice in minerals?

A

Colour

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176
Q

What does lustre refer to in minerals?

A

The way the surface of a mineral reflects light

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177
Q

What is metallic lustre?

A

When minerals are shiny like metals, such as gold or silver

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178
Q

Can two minerals with the same colour be differentiated?

A

Yes, lustre may help to tell them apart

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179
Q

Provide examples of words used to describe a mineral’s lustre.

A
  • Pearly
  • Glassy
  • Waxy
  • Silky
  • Brilliant
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180
Q

What is a mineral’s streak?

A

The colour of the powder that it leaves behind when rubbed across a rough surface

The streak may not be the same as the mineral’s color.

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181
Q

How do geologists typically test for a mineral’s streak?

A

By scratching a mineral sample on an unglazed ceramic tile

The tile used is similar to bathroom tiles but is not shiny.

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182
Q

What does cleavage in minerals refer to?

A

The tendency of a mineral to split easily into two smooth surfaces.

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183
Q

What is the difference between cleavage and fracture in minerals?

A

Cleavage is smooth splitting, while fracture is rough and uneven breakage.

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184
Q

Can any mineral be fractured?

A

Yes, any mineral can be fractured if enough force is applied.

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185
Q

What does the rock cycle describe?

A

How rocks form.

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186
Q

What is a mineral’s streak?

A

The colour of the powder that it leaves behind when rubbed across a rough surface

The streak may not be the same as the mineral’s color.

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187
Q

How do geologists typically test for a mineral’s streak?

A

By scratching a mineral sample on an unglazed ceramic tile

The tile used is similar to bathroom tiles but is not shiny.

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188
Q

What does cleavage in minerals refer to?

A

The tendency of a mineral to split easily into two smooth surfaces.

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189
Q

What is the difference between cleavage and fracture in minerals?

A

Cleavage is smooth splitting, while fracture is rough and uneven breakage.

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190
Q

Can any mineral be fractured?

A

Yes, any mineral can be fractured if enough force is applied.

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191
Q

What does the rock cycle describe?

A

How rocks form.

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192
Q

What is the definition of hardness in minerals?

A

The hardness of a mineral is measured by how easily it can be scratched.

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193
Q

Who developed the Mohs scale of hardness?

A

Frederic Mohs, a German scientist.

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194
Q

What is the range of the Mohs scale of hardness?

A

1 to 10.

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195
Q

List the minerals included in the Mohs scale of hardness from softest to hardest.

A
  • Talc
  • Gypsum
  • Calcite
  • Fluorite
  • Apatite
  • Feldspar
  • Quartz
  • Topaz
  • Corundum
  • Diamond
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196
Q

What mineral is ranked as the softest on the Mohs scale?

A

Talc.

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197
Q

What mineral is ranked as the hardest on the Mohs scale?

A

Diamond.

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198
Q

Fill in the blank: The relative hardness of a mineral is measured using _______.

A

Mohs scale.

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199
Q

What can scratch a mineral ranked at 5 on the Mohs scale?

A

Iron nail.

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200
Q

True or False: A fingernail can scratch a mineral ranked at 2 on the Mohs scale.

A

True.

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201
Q

What is the hardness level of quartz on the Mohs scale?

A

7.

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202
Q

What can scratch a mineral ranked at 4 on the Mohs scale?

A

Copper wire.

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203
Q

What is the significance of identifying rocks and minerals in Canada?

A

It’s big business and a major part of the economy.

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204
Q

Which country is the world’s largest mineral exporter?

A

Canada.

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205
Q

List some of the leading minerals produced by Canada.

A
  • Gold
  • Copper
  • Nickel
  • Zinc
  • Lead
  • Silver
  • Iron ore
  • Asbestos
  • Potash
  • Sand
  • Gravel
  • Clay
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206
Q

How many mines and quarries are there in Canada?

A

Over 500.

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207
Q

In which regions of Canada do mining operations take place?

A

In every province and territory.

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208
Q

True or False: Canada is a leading producer of iron ore.

A

True.

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209
Q

Fill in the blank: Canada produces minerals such as _______ and _______.

A

[gold, copper]

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210
Q

What is the significance of identifying rocks and minerals in Canada?

A

It’s big business and a major part of the economy.

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211
Q

Which country is the world’s largest mineral exporter?

A

Canada.

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212
Q

List some of the leading minerals produced by Canada.

A
  • Gold
  • Copper
  • Nickel
  • Zinc
  • Lead
  • Silver
  • Iron ore
  • Asbestos
  • Potash
  • Sand
  • Gravel
  • Clay
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213
Q

How many mines and quarries are there in Canada?

A

Over 500.

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214
Q

In which regions of Canada do mining operations take place?

A

In every province and territory.

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215
Q

True or False: Canada is a leading producer of iron ore.

A

True.

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216
Q

Fill in the blank: Canada produces minerals such as _______ and _______.

A

[gold, copper]

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217
Q

What are the three major types of rocks?

A

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

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218
Q

Where can you observe the formation of igneous rock?

A

At active volcanoes, such as those in Hawaii and Iceland

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219
Q

Fill in the blank: All rocks can be organized into three major families or types according to how they were formed as: _______.

A

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

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220
Q

True or False: All rocks are formed in the same way.

A

False

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221
Q

What does the term ‘igneous’ derive from?

A

The Latin word ‘ignis,’ meaning fire.

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222
Q

What is the primary material from which igneous rocks form?

A

Hot, molten rock called magma.

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223
Q

What happens to magma when it cools?

A

It becomes hard and cold.

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224
Q

Where may magma cool?

A

Deep inside Earth or at the surface.

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225
Q

What is magma called when it flows out onto the surface?

A

Lava.

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226
Q

What is a key difference between igneous rocks that cool on the surface and those that cool deep inside Earth?

A

Their appearance, which can be observed in photographs of pegmatite and basalt.

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227
Q

What does the term ‘igneous’ derive from?

A

The Latin word ‘ignis,’ meaning fire.

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228
Q

What is the primary material from which igneous rocks form?

A

Hot, molten rock called magma.

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229
Q

What happens to magma when it cools?

A

It becomes hard and cold.

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230
Q

Where may magma cool?

A

Deep inside Earth or at the surface.

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231
Q

What is magma called when it flows out onto the surface?

A

Lava.

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232
Q

What is a key difference between igneous rocks that cool on the surface and those that cool deep inside Earth?

A

Their appearance, which can be observed in photographs of pegmatite and basalt.

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233
Q

What are the two groups of igneous rock classified by?

A

Whether it was formed on or below Earth’s surface

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234
Q

What is intrusive rock?

A

Rock formed from magma that cooled and hardened beneath the surface

235
Q

Where can intrusive rock be found on the surface?

A

Where erosion has worn away the rock that once lay above it

236
Q

What is extrusive rock?

A

Rock formed from lava cooling on the surface

237
Q

Fill in the blank: Rock formed from _____ is called extrusive rock.

A

lava cooling on the surface

238
Q

What are sedimentary rocks?

A

Rocks that have layers and form from small pieces of rock carried by water or wind.

239
Q

How do sedimentary rocks form?

A

They form when sediments settle onto rocks below them and are compressed over time.

240
Q

What is a key characteristic of sedimentary rocks?

A

They have layers.

241
Q

What can sediments in sedimentary rocks be made up of?

A

They can be made up mainly of tiny shells from dead animals.

242
Q

What happens to sediments over time as more pile up?

A

The ones on the bottom are squeezed by the weight of those above.

243
Q

Fill in the blank: Sedimentary rocks are formed under _______ over time.

A

pressure

244
Q

True or False: Sedimentary rocks can form from volcanic activity.

A

False

245
Q

What role does water or wind play in the formation of sedimentary rocks?

A

They carry small pieces of rock that settle down.

246
Q

What happens to sediments when they are subjected to pressure?

A

They turn into sedimentary rock.

247
Q

What are sedimentary rocks?

A

Rocks that have layers and form from small pieces of rock carried by water or wind.

248
Q

How do sedimentary rocks form?

A

They form when sediments settle onto rocks below them and are compressed over time.

249
Q

What is a key characteristic of sedimentary rocks?

A

They have layers.

250
Q

What can sediments in sedimentary rocks be made up of?

A

They can be made up mainly of tiny shells from dead animals.

251
Q

What happens to sediments over time as more pile up?

A

The ones on the bottom are squeezed by the weight of those above.

252
Q

Fill in the blank: Sedimentary rocks are formed under _______ over time.

A

pressure

253
Q

True or False: Sedimentary rocks can form from volcanic activity.

A

False

254
Q

What role does water or wind play in the formation of sedimentary rocks?

A

They carry small pieces of rock that settle down.

255
Q

What happens to sediments when they are subjected to pressure?

A

They turn into sedimentary rock.

256
Q

What are sedimentary rocks primarily formed from?

A

Fragments of rocks or shells

257
Q

What can water dissolve from rocks that contributes to the salinity of oceans?

A

Salts

258
Q

Why is the ocean salty?

A

Rivers carry salts into the ocean

259
Q

What happens when bodies of water containing dissolved salts dry up?

A

They leave salts behind and form thick beds

260
Q

What type of sedimentary rock is formed from organic, living material?

A

Coal

261
Q

What is coal primarily derived from?

A

Decay of plant matter

262
Q

Which region is noted for being an important producer of coal?

A

Alberta

263
Q

Fill in the blank: The salt you use on your food is one of these _____ from rocks.

A

salts

264
Q

True or False: All sedimentary rocks form from the fragments of other rocks.

A

False

265
Q

What are sedimentary rocks primarily formed from?

A

Fragments of rocks or shells

266
Q

What can water dissolve from rocks that contributes to the salinity of oceans?

A

Salts

267
Q

Why is the ocean salty?

A

Rivers carry salts into the ocean

268
Q

What happens when bodies of water containing dissolved salts dry up?

A

They leave salts behind and form thick beds

269
Q

What type of sedimentary rock is formed from organic, living material?

A

Coal

270
Q

What is coal primarily derived from?

A

Decay of plant matter

271
Q

Which region is noted for being an important producer of coal?

A

Alberta

272
Q

Fill in the blank: The salt you use on your food is one of these _____ from rocks.

A

salts

273
Q

True or False: All sedimentary rocks form from the fragments of other rocks.

A

False

274
Q

What are metamorphic rocks?

A

Rocks that have been changed due to intense heat and pressure.

275
Q

What does the term ‘metamorphic’ derive from?

A

‘Meta’ means change and ‘morph’ means form.

276
Q

What types of rocks can metamorphic rocks originate from?

A
  • Igneous rocks
  • Sedimentary rocks
  • Other metamorphic rocks
277
Q

What processes are involved in the formation of metamorphic rocks?

A

Intense heat and pressure deep below Earth’s surface.

278
Q

True or False: Metamorphic rocks can only form from sedimentary rocks.

A

False

279
Q

What are metamorphic rocks?

A

Rocks that have been changed due to intense heat and pressure.

280
Q

What does the term ‘metamorphic’ derive from?

A

‘Meta’ means change and ‘morph’ means form.

281
Q

What types of rocks can metamorphic rocks originate from?

A
  • Igneous rocks
  • Sedimentary rocks
  • Other metamorphic rocks
282
Q

What processes are involved in the formation of metamorphic rocks?

A

Intense heat and pressure deep below Earth’s surface.

283
Q

True or False: Metamorphic rocks can only form from sedimentary rocks.

A

False

284
Q

What is the process of grouping objects or events with the same characteristics called?

A

Classifying

Classifying is essential for organizing data in various scientific fields, particularly geology.

285
Q

What do geologists do when they find a new rock or rock formation?

A

They classify it

Classification helps geologists understand the characteristics and origins of the rock.

286
Q

Fill in the blank: Classifying is the _______ of objects or events that have the same characteristics.

A

grouping

287
Q

True or False: Scientists do not need to classify objects or events when analyzing data.

A

False

Classification is a fundamental step in data analysis for scientists.

288
Q

What do scientists spend much of their time doing?

A

Collecting, organizing, and trying to understand their data

This process is crucial for making sense of scientific observations.

289
Q

What is the process of grouping objects or events with the same characteristics called?

A

Classifying

Classifying is essential for organizing data in various scientific fields, particularly geology.

290
Q

What do geologists do when they find a new rock or rock formation?

A

They classify it

Classification helps geologists understand the characteristics and origins of the rock.

291
Q

Fill in the blank: Classifying is the _______ of objects or events that have the same characteristics.

A

grouping

292
Q

True or False: Scientists do not need to classify objects or events when analyzing data.

A

False

Classification is a fundamental step in data analysis for scientists.

293
Q

What do scientists spend much of their time doing?

A

Collecting, organizing, and trying to understand their data

This process is crucial for making sense of scientific observations.

294
Q

What is remote sensing in geology?

A

Mapping of Earth’s surface from aircraft or orbiting satellites

It involves examining rock formations, soil types, and vegetation in aerial images to infer possible locations of mineral deposits.

295
Q

What is geophysical prospecting?

A

Using sensitive instruments to detect mineral deposits hidden deep underground

Some minerals, such as iron and copper, are magnetic and can be detected with a magnetometer.

296
Q

What is geochemical prospecting?

A

Making chemical analysis of samples taken from the environment

Geologists look for evidence of traces of metals that may indicate the presence of an ore body.

297
Q

What is the purpose of exploration drilling?

A

To verify the existence of an ore body

A diamond-tipped drill bit is used to extract rock that can be thousands of meters long.

298
Q

Which technique involves analyzing aerial images for mineral deposits?

A

Remote sensing

299
Q

True or False: Geologists still primarily search for minerals on foot.

A

False

300
Q

Fill in the blank: Geophysical prospecting uses _______ instruments to detect mineral deposits.

A

[sensitive]

301
Q

List three tools and techniques used by geologists today.

A
  • Remote sensing
  • Geophysical prospecting
  • Geochemical prospecting
302
Q

What type of drill bit is used in exploration drilling?

A

Diamond-tipped drill bit

303
Q

Fill in the blank: Geochemical prospecting looks for traces of _______ that may indicate the presence of an ore body.

A

[metals]

304
Q

What is remote sensing in geology?

A

Mapping of Earth’s surface from aircraft or orbiting satellites

It involves examining rock formations, soil types, and vegetation in aerial images to infer possible locations of mineral deposits.

305
Q

What is geophysical prospecting?

A

Using sensitive instruments to detect mineral deposits hidden deep underground

Some minerals, such as iron and copper, are magnetic and can be detected with a magnetometer.

306
Q

What is geochemical prospecting?

A

Making chemical analysis of samples taken from the environment

Geologists look for evidence of traces of metals that may indicate the presence of an ore body.

307
Q

What is the purpose of exploration drilling?

A

To verify the existence of an ore body

A diamond-tipped drill bit is used to extract rock that can be thousands of meters long.

308
Q

Which technique involves analyzing aerial images for mineral deposits?

A

Remote sensing

309
Q

True or False: Geologists still primarily search for minerals on foot.

A

False

310
Q

Fill in the blank: Geophysical prospecting uses _______ instruments to detect mineral deposits.

A

[sensitive]

311
Q

List three tools and techniques used by geologists today.

A
  • Remote sensing
  • Geophysical prospecting
  • Geochemical prospecting
312
Q

What type of drill bit is used in exploration drilling?

A

Diamond-tipped drill bit

313
Q

Fill in the blank: Geochemical prospecting looks for traces of _______ that may indicate the presence of an ore body.

A

[metals]

314
Q

What is the rock cycle?

A

The process of change in rocks, involving alterations across different classifications: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

315
Q

How can an igneous rock change classification?

A

An igneous rock may be weathered, and its grains deposited to form a sedimentary rock.

316
Q

What is an example of a metamorphic rock formed from another metamorphic rock?

A

Schist is a metamorphic rock formed from slate.

317
Q

What are the three main classifications of rocks?

A
  • Igneous
  • Sedimentary
  • Metamorphic
318
Q

True or False: Rocks can be altered so much that they change classifications.

A

True

319
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of change in rocks is called the _______.

A

[rock cycle]

320
Q

What type of rock is formed from intense heat and pressure?

A

Metamorphic rock

321
Q

What happens to sediments during the rock cycle?

A

Sediments undergo weathering and erosion.

322
Q

What is the role of weathering in the rock cycle?

A

Weathering breaks down rocks, allowing their grains to be deposited and potentially form new rock types.

323
Q

What is the significance of the TOck cycle model for geologists?

A

It helps in understanding the processes and transformations that rocks undergo.

324
Q

What is the rock cycle?

A

The process of change in rocks, involving alterations across different classifications: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

325
Q

How can an igneous rock change classification?

A

An igneous rock may be weathered, and its grains deposited to form a sedimentary rock.

326
Q

What is an example of a metamorphic rock formed from another metamorphic rock?

A

Schist is a metamorphic rock formed from slate.

327
Q

What are the three main classifications of rocks?

A
  • Igneous
  • Sedimentary
  • Metamorphic
328
Q

True or False: Rocks can be altered so much that they change classifications.

A

True

329
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of change in rocks is called the _______.

A

[rock cycle]

330
Q

What type of rock is formed from intense heat and pressure?

A

Metamorphic rock

331
Q

What happens to sediments during the rock cycle?

A

Sediments undergo weathering and erosion.

332
Q

What is the role of weathering in the rock cycle?

A

Weathering breaks down rocks, allowing their grains to be deposited and potentially form new rock types.

333
Q

What is the significance of the rock cycle model for geologists?

A

It helps in understanding the processes and transformations that rocks undergo.

334
Q

What type of rocks is found in Alberta’s oldest layer?

A

Igneous and metamorphic rocks

The oldest layer, known as the Precambrian Shield, formed between 544 and 4500 million years ago.

335
Q

What is the age range of the rocks that make up the Interior Plain of Alberta?

A

Between 544 million and 1.5 million years old

This layer is sandwiched between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.

336
Q

What percentage of Alberta’s landscape is covered by the Precambrian Shield?

A

3%

The Precambrian Shield is only exposed in the northeast corner of Alberta.

337
Q

What is the composition of the overburden material found in backyards?

A

Sand, gravel, stones, and boulders

This material lies above the bedrock.

338
Q

Which geological feature underlies all of Alberta?

A

The Precambrian Shield

It is the world’s oldest rock formation.

339
Q

What is the geographical relationship between the Interior Plain and other regions?

A

It extends across Saskatchewan and Manitoba

The Interior Plain is wedge-shaped and lies between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.

340
Q

Fill in the blank: The oldest layer of rock in Alberta is called the _______.

A

Precambrian Shield

341
Q

True or False: The Precambrian Shield is primarily found in the southern part of Alberta.

A

False

It is primarily exposed in the northeast corner.

342
Q

What type of rocks is found in Alberta’s oldest layer?

A

Igneous and metamorphic rocks

The oldest layer, known as the Precambrian Shield, formed between 544 and 4500 million years ago.

343
Q

What is the age range of the rocks that make up the Interior Plain of Alberta?

A

Between 544 million and 1.5 million years old

This layer is sandwiched between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.

344
Q

What percentage of Alberta’s landscape is covered by the Precambrian Shield?

A

3%

The Precambrian Shield is only exposed in the northeast corner of Alberta.

345
Q

What is the composition of the overburden material found in backyards?

A

Sand, gravel, stones, and boulders

This material lies above the bedrock.

346
Q

Which geological feature underlies all of Alberta?

A

The Precambrian Shield

It is the world’s oldest rock formation.

347
Q

What is the geographical relationship between the Interior Plain and other regions?

A

It extends across Saskatchewan and Manitoba

The Interior Plain is wedge-shaped and lies between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.

348
Q

Fill in the blank: The oldest layer of rock in Alberta is called the _______.

A

Precambrian Shield

349
Q

True or False: The Precambrian Shield is primarily found in the southern part of Alberta.

A

False

It is primarily exposed in the northeast corner.

350
Q

Who developed the hypothesis of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

Alfred Wegener was a German scientist who proposed the theory in 1910.

351
Q

What was the name of the single land mass proposed by Wegener?

A

Pangaea

Pangaea means ‘all lands’ in Greek.

352
Q

In what year did Alfred Wegener notice the shapes of the continents?

A

1910

This observation led to the development of the continental drift hypothesis.

353
Q

What does the term ‘continental drift’ refer to?

A

The idea that continents have slowly drifted apart over time.

354
Q

What did Wegener notice about the outlines of the continents?

A

They looked as if they could fit together.

355
Q

Fill in the blank: Wegener’s hypothesis suggested that all continents were once joined together in a single land mass called _______.

A

Pangaea

356
Q

True or False: Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis was immediately accepted by the scientific community.

A

False

Wegener’s ideas faced skepticism and were not widely accepted during his time.

357
Q

What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis?

A

The shapes of continents and similarities in fossil records

Glossopteris fossils were one example of evidence he presented.

358
Q

Who developed the hypothesis of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

Alfred Wegener was a German scientist who proposed the theory in 1910.

359
Q

What was the name of the single land mass proposed by Wegener?

A

Pangaea

Pangaea means ‘all lands’ in Greek.

360
Q

In what year did Alfred Wegener notice the shapes of the continents?

A

1910

This observation led to the development of the continental drift hypothesis.

361
Q

What does the term ‘continental drift’ refer to?

A

The idea that continents have slowly drifted apart over time.

362
Q

What did Wegener notice about the outlines of the continents?

A

They looked as if they could fit together.

363
Q

Fill in the blank: Wegener’s hypothesis suggested that all continents were once joined together in a single land mass called _______.

A

Pangaea

364
Q

True or False: Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis was immediately accepted by the scientific community.

A

False

Wegener’s ideas faced skepticism and were not widely accepted during his time.

365
Q

What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis?

A

The shapes of continents and similarities in fossil records

Glossopteris fossils were one example of evidence he presented.

366
Q

What do scientists notice about the occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes?

A

They tend to occur in the same areas around the world.

367
Q

What are the distinctive deep valleys under the oceans called?

A

Trenches.

368
Q

What are the long underwater mountain ranges called?

A

Ridges.

369
Q

What is the name of the mountain range in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?

A

Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

370
Q

What key evidence did scientists find regarding the age of rocks at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

A

The rock at its top was younger than the rock on the surrounding ocean floor and the edges of the continents.

371
Q

What do scientists notice about the occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes?

A

They tend to occur in the same areas around the world.

372
Q

What are the distinctive deep valleys under the oceans called?

A

Trenches.

373
Q

What are the long underwater mountain ranges called?

A

Ridges.

374
Q

What is the name of the mountain range in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?

A

Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

375
Q

What key evidence did scientists find regarding the age of rocks at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

A

The rock at its top was younger than the rock on the surrounding ocean floor and the edges of the continents.

376
Q

What is the primary evidence for the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

A

Strong evidence from the concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes in specific areas

This evidence supports the idea of tectonic plates interacting at their boundaries.

377
Q

What phenomenon occurs in areas where few or no earthquakes and volcanoes are found?

A

Stable geological regions

These areas indicate a lack of tectonic activity.

378
Q

What are the two main types of crust that tectonic plates carry?

A

Continental and oceanic crust

Tectonic plates can consist of either type or a combination of both.

379
Q

Fill in the blank: The lithosphere is broken up into large areas called _______.

A

[plates]

380
Q

What geological feature results from geothermal activity when water returns to the surface?

A

Hot springs

Hot springs are often found in regions with active geothermal processes.

381
Q

What happens to the ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges?

A

The ocean floor is spreading away

This process contributes to the movement of tectonic plates.

382
Q

What occurs to the ocean floor near the edges of continents?

A

The ocean floor is moving down into deep trenches

These trenches are formed by subduction, where one plate moves under another.

383
Q

True or False: The plates of the lithosphere move quickly on a solid layer of crust.

A

False

The plates move slowly on a semi-solid layer of the mantle.

384
Q

What analogy is used to describe the lithosphere in the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

A

A cracked eggshell

This analogy illustrates how the lithosphere is divided into different plates.

385
Q

What is the primary evidence for the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

A

Strong evidence from the concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes in specific areas

This evidence supports the idea of tectonic plates interacting at their boundaries.

386
Q

What phenomenon occurs in areas where few or no earthquakes and volcanoes are found?

A

Stable geological regions

These areas indicate a lack of tectonic activity.

387
Q

What are the two main types of crust that tectonic plates carry?

A

Continental and oceanic crust

Tectonic plates can consist of either type or a combination of both.

388
Q

Fill in the blank: The lithosphere is broken up into large areas called _______.

A

[plates]

389
Q

What geological feature results from geothermal activity when water returns to the surface?

A

Hot springs

Hot springs are often found in regions with active geothermal processes.

390
Q

What happens to the ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges?

A

The ocean floor is spreading away

This process contributes to the movement of tectonic plates.

391
Q

What occurs to the ocean floor near the edges of continents?

A

The ocean floor is moving down into deep trenches

These trenches are formed by subduction, where one plate moves under another.

392
Q

True or False: The plates of the lithosphere move quickly on a solid layer of crust.

A

False

The plates move slowly on a semi-solid layer of the mantle.

393
Q

What analogy is used to describe the lithosphere in the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

A

A cracked eggshell

This analogy illustrates how the lithosphere is divided into different plates.

394
Q

What are the deep valleys found on the ocean floors called?

A

Trenches

Trenches are significant geological features that indicate the presence of subduction zones.

395
Q

What are the mountain chains discovered on ocean floors referred to as?

A

Ridges

Ridges often indicate areas where tectonic plates are diverging.

396
Q

What is the lithosphere composed of?

A

Large and small tectonic plates

The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of Earth that includes the crust and upper mantle.

397
Q

What is a boundary in geological terms?

A

The edge where plates meet

Plate boundaries can be divergent, convergent, or transform.

398
Q

What happens at divergent plate boundaries?

A

Plates move apart

This movement can lead to the formation of new oceanic crust.

399
Q

What happens at convergent plate boundaries?

A

Plates collide

This can result in subduction, mountain formation, or earthquakes.

400
Q

True or False: The lithosphere is broken into more than two tectonic plates.

A

True

The lithosphere is made up of several large and numerous smaller plates.

401
Q

Fill in the blank: The map of the Earth’s plates shows major features such as _______ and ridges.

A

trenches

Understanding these features is crucial for studying plate tectonics.

402
Q

What is a diverging boundary?

A

A boundary where two of Earth’s plates are moving apart

An example of a diverging boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

403
Q

What happens at a diverging boundary?

A

Lava flows from the ridge to form new oceanic crust

Sometimes, volcanoes that grow from this process become visible above the ocean’s surface, such as those in Iceland.

404
Q

What is a converging boundary?

A

A boundary where plates are moving toward each other

The effects of their collision can be felt as earthquakes and seen as mountains.

405
Q

What are the two kinds of converging boundaries?

A
  1. Oceanic-continental convergence
  2. Oceanic-oceanic convergence

The first type involves one plate carrying oceanic crust and the other carrying continental crust.

406
Q

What occurs during oceanic-continental convergence?

A

The denser oceanic crust is subducted beneath the lighter continental crust

This process is known as subduction.

407
Q

What is subduction?

A

The process where one plate is forced down into the mantle beneath another plate

It often leads to the formation of trenches and can cause earthquakes.

408
Q

What geological features are formed at converging boundaries?

A

Mountains and volcanoes

These features can arise from the collision and subduction of tectonic plates.

409
Q

True or False: At diverging boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed.

A

True

This occurs through lava flow from ridges.

410
Q

Fill in the blank: The process where one plate grinds down past another at converging boundaries is called _______.

A

[subduction]

411
Q

What is a diverging boundary?

A

A boundary where two of Earth’s plates are moving apart

An example of a diverging boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

412
Q

What happens at a diverging boundary?

A

Lava flows from the ridge to form new oceanic crust

Sometimes, volcanoes that grow from this process become visible above the ocean’s surface, such as those in Iceland.

413
Q

What is a converging boundary?

A

A boundary where plates are moving toward each other

The effects of their collision can be felt as earthquakes and seen as mountains.

414
Q

What are the two kinds of converging boundaries?

A
  1. Oceanic-continental convergence
  2. Oceanic-oceanic convergence

The first type involves one plate carrying oceanic crust and the other carrying continental crust.

415
Q

What occurs during oceanic-continental convergence?

A

The denser oceanic crust is subducted beneath the lighter continental crust

This process is known as subduction.

416
Q

What is subduction?

A

The process where one plate is forced down into the mantle beneath another plate

It often leads to the formation of trenches and can cause earthquakes.

417
Q

What geological features are formed at converging boundaries?

A

Mountains and volcanoes

These features can arise from the collision and subduction of tectonic plates.

418
Q

True or False: At diverging boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed.

A

True

This occurs through lava flow from ridges.

419
Q

Fill in the blank: The process where one plate grinds down past another at converging boundaries is called _______.

A

[subduction]

420
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The rigid outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

The lithosphere is involved in tectonic plate movements.

421
Q

What happens at a converging boundary?

A

Two tectonic plates collide, potentially forming mountain ranges.

This process can lead to significant geological formations.

422
Q

What type of mountain range is formed by two continental plates colliding?

A

Huge mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas.

The Himalayas are formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.

423
Q

What is a transform boundary?

A

A type of boundary where tectonic plates slide sideways past each other.

This movement can cause earthquakes due to friction.

424
Q

Where can a transform boundary be found in the United States?

A

Along the San Andreas Fault.

The San Andreas Fault is a well-known example of a transform boundary.

425
Q

What occurs when rocks at a transform boundary bind and catch on each other?

A

Earthquakes.

The stress builds up until it is released, causing seismic activity.

426
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of two continental plates crushing together forms _____ ranges.

A

mountain

427
Q

Who proposed a theory regarding the formation of the Hawaiian Islands?

A

Tuzo Wilson.

Wilson’s theory involves hotspot volcanism.

428
Q

What is the main feature of a converging boundary?

A

Collisions between tectonic plates.

This can lead to various geological phenomena, including earthquakes and mountain formation.

429
Q

What is a mountain?

A

A mountain is part of Earth’s surface that is much higher than the land around it.

430
Q

What is a mountain range?

A

A mountain range is a series of mountains.

431
Q

What is the Rocky Mountains known for?

A

The Rocky Mountains extend from the north in the Yukon territory, through the United States and into southern Mexico, making it one of the longest mountain ranges in the world.

432
Q

Where do the Rocky Mountains straddle in Canada?

A

The Rocky Mountains straddle the border with British Columbia in Alberta.

433
Q

What processes result in mountain building?

A

Mountain building is the result of several geological processes.

434
Q

What is the Earth’s crust composed of?

A

The Earth’s crust is made of several plates that fit together like a giant jigsaw puzzle.

435
Q

True or False: The plates of the Earth’s crust are stationary.

A

False

436
Q

Fill in the blank: A mountain is part of Earth’s surface that is much _______ than the land around it.

A

[higher]

437
Q

Fill in the blank: The Rocky Mountains make it one of the longest mountain ranges in the _______.

A

[world]

438
Q

What is a mountain?

A

A mountain is part of Earth’s surface that is much higher than the land around it.

439
Q

What is a mountain range?

A

A mountain range is a series of mountains.

440
Q

What is the Rocky Mountains known for?

A

The Rocky Mountains extend from the north in the Yukon territory, through the United States and into southern Mexico, making it one of the longest mountain ranges in the world.

441
Q

Where do the Rocky Mountains straddle in Canada?

A

The Rocky Mountains straddle the border with British Columbia in Alberta.

442
Q

What processes result in mountain building?

A

Mountain building is the result of several geological processes.

443
Q

What is the Earth’s crust composed of?

A

The Earth’s crust is made of several plates that fit together like a giant jigsaw puzzle.

444
Q

True or False: The plates of the Earth’s crust are stationary.

A

False

445
Q

Fill in the blank: A mountain is part of Earth’s surface that is much _______ than the land around it.

A

[higher]

446
Q

Fill in the blank: The Rocky Mountains make it one of the longest mountain ranges in the _______.

A

[world]

447
Q

What geological process leads to the formation of mountains?

A

Mountains form in places where tectonic plates collide

This process is evident in regions with frequent earthquakes and rising mountain ranges.

448
Q

Which land mass is currently pressing into southern Asia?

A

India

This collision contributes to seismic activity in the region.

449
Q

What evidence indicates that the Himalayas are still growing?

A

Mt. Everest is about 50 cm higher than it was 40 years ago

This indicates ongoing tectonic activity.

450
Q

How did Alberta’s Rocky Mountains form?

A

They formed from tectonic processes over 200 million years ago, with building ceasing about 140 million years ago

This highlights the long geological history of mountain formation.

451
Q

What was the climate of Alberta nearly 500 million years ago?

A

Tropical

This indicates significant climatic changes over geological time.

452
Q

What geographical feature was located where Alberta’s current border with British Columbia is now?

A

A warm, shallow sea

This sea played a crucial role in sediment deposition.

453
Q

What happened to the sediments in Alberta’s shallow sea?

A

They were constantly filled, flowed over land, and deposited in layers

This process created a sediment pile up to 10-1 km thick.

454
Q

What types of materials were deposited in the layers on the sea floor?

A

Sand, mud, and debris

These materials contributed to the thick layers of sediment.

455
Q

Fill in the blank: The layers of sediment on the sea floor could reach depths of up to _______.

A

1 km

This shows the extent of sediment accumulation in the geological past.

456
Q

What geological process leads to the formation of mountains?

A

Mountains form in places where tectonic plates collide

This process is evident in regions with frequent earthquakes and rising mountain ranges.

457
Q

Which land mass is currently pressing into southern Asia?

A

India

This collision contributes to seismic activity in the region.

458
Q

What evidence indicates that the Himalayas are still growing?

A

Mt. Everest is about 50 cm higher than it was 40 years ago

This indicates ongoing tectonic activity.

459
Q

How did Alberta’s Rocky Mountains form?

A

They formed from tectonic processes over 200 million years ago, with building ceasing about 140 million years ago

This highlights the long geological history of mountain formation.

460
Q

What was the climate of Alberta nearly 500 million years ago?

A

Tropical

This indicates significant climatic changes over geological time.

461
Q

What geographical feature was located where Alberta’s current border with British Columbia is now?

A

A warm, shallow sea

This sea played a crucial role in sediment deposition.

462
Q

What happened to the sediments in Alberta’s shallow sea?

A

They were constantly filled, flowed over land, and deposited in layers

This process created a sediment pile up to 10-1 km thick.

463
Q

What types of materials were deposited in the layers on the sea floor?

A

Sand, mud, and debris

These materials contributed to the thick layers of sediment.

464
Q

Fill in the blank: The layers of sediment on the sea floor could reach depths of up to _______.

A

1 km

This shows the extent of sediment accumulation in the geological past.

465
Q

What occurred after more than a billion years of sediment deposition?

A

The collision of two plates occurred.

466
Q

Which two plates were involved in the collision?

A

The North American Plate and the Pacific Plate.

467
Q

What effect did the collision have on the oceanic crust?

A

It forced the denser oceanic crust of the Pacific Plate downward below the lighter continental crust of the North American Plate.

468
Q

What were the two major effects of the collision between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate?

A
  • Oceanic crust forced downward
  • Sediments on the edge of the North American Plate folded and broke.
469
Q

What happened to the sediments on the edge of the North American Plate during the collision?

A

They were forced to fold and break.

470
Q

How much did the sediments move from their original position due to the pressure of the plates?

A

More than 250 km east.

471
Q

What mountain in Banff was formed as a result of the geological processes described?

A

Mount Rundle.

472
Q

What geological features were created by the folding, breaking, sliding, and piling of sediments?

A

The Rocky Mountains.

473
Q

Which type of plate is thicker and lighter, continental or oceanic?

A

Continental plate.

474
Q

True or False: The oceanic plate is thicker and lighter than the continental plate.

A

False.

475
Q

Fill in the blank: The North American Plate carried what is now _______.

A

Alberta.

476
Q

What processes lead to the formation of mountains?

A

Collision between plates, resulting in compression forces

These processes cause sedimentary rocks to bend and break.

477
Q

What happens to sedimentary rocks in the Rocky Mountains due to compression forces?

A

They bend and break, resulting in folding and faulting

This is a key process in mountain formation.

478
Q

What are the bends in rock beds called?

A

Folds

479
Q

What are large cracks in rock beds referred to?

A

Faults

480
Q

What typically occurs at faults?

A

Rocks on either side of a crack move

481
Q

What is the primary combination responsible for mountain creation?

A

Folding and faulting

482
Q

What are the two kinds of folds found in rocks?

A
  • Anticline (upfold)
  • Syncline (downfold)
483
Q

Fill in the blank: The two types of folds in rocks are an _______ and a syncline.

A

anticline

484
Q

Fill in the blank: A syncline is also known as a _______ in the rock.

A

downfold

485
Q

True or False: Most mountains are created exclusively by folding.

A

False

486
Q

What conditions allow rocks to fold?

A

Heat and pressure within Earth’s crust

These conditions soften the rocks, enabling them to bend without breaking.

487
Q

Where does rock folding primarily occur?

A

Where powerful forces are at work in the crust

This is often related to tectonic plate interactions.

488
Q

What theory explains the folding of rocks due to colliding plates?

A

Theory of Plate Tectonics

This theory describes how the movement of tectonic plates contributes to geological features.

489
Q

What happens to rocks as tectonic plates push against each other?

A

The rock wrinkles into folds and is forced upward

This process is a key aspect of mountain formation.

490
Q

What two plates are colliding to form the Himalayas?

A

Answer not provided in the text

The answer typically involves the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.

491
Q

If the Himalayas keep rising at 1 cm per year, how much taller will they be in 1,000,000 years?

A

10,000 meters

This calculation is based on the rate of 1 cm per year multiplied by 1,000,000 years.

492
Q

True or False: Rocks can fold without being softened by heat and pressure.

A

False

Rocks require heat and pressure to bend without breaking.

493
Q

Fill in the blank: Rocks can only fold after they have been softened by _______.

A

heat and pressure

These are essential conditions for folding to occur.

494
Q

What conditions allow rocks to fold?

A

Heat and pressure within Earth’s crust

These conditions soften the rocks, enabling them to bend without breaking.

495
Q

Where does rock folding primarily occur?

A

Where powerful forces are at work in the crust

This is often related to tectonic plate interactions.

496
Q

What theory explains the folding of rocks due to colliding plates?

A

Theory of Plate Tectonics

This theory describes how the movement of tectonic plates contributes to geological features.

497
Q

What happens to rocks as tectonic plates push against each other?

A

The rock wrinkles into folds and is forced upward

This process is a key aspect of mountain formation.

498
Q

What two plates are colliding to form the Himalayas?

A

Answer not provided in the text

The answer typically involves the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.

499
Q

If the Himalayas keep rising at 1 cm per year, how much taller will they be in 1,000,000 years?

A

10,000 meters

This calculation is based on the rate of 1 cm per year multiplied by 1,000,000 years.

500
Q

True or False: Rocks can fold without being softened by heat and pressure.

A

False

Rocks require heat and pressure to bend without breaking.

501
Q

Fill in the blank: Rocks can only fold after they have been softened by _______.

A

heat and pressure

These are essential conditions for folding to occur.

502
Q

What are fossils?

A

Traces of once-living things that are preserved in rocks

503
Q

How do fossils form?

A

When animals or plants die and sink to the bottom of a body of water, they are buried by layers of sediments

504
Q

What is the relationship between fossils and sedimentary rock?

A

Fossils are the same age as the sedimentary rock in which they are found

505
Q

What type of organisms are trilobites?

A

Marine arthropods that lived on the bottoms of oceans 300-600 million years ago

506
Q

True or False: Trilobites exist today.

A

False

507
Q

If you found a rock with a trilobite, what could you say about that rock?

A

It is from the time when trilobites existed

508
Q

What do paleontologists study?

A

They study ancient life forms by interpreting animal and plant fossils

509
Q

What is a significant challenge faced by paleontologists?

A

Most fossils are not complete, consisting of only parts of skeletons or other traces

510
Q

What inference can be made about life on Earth based on fossils?

A

Life on Earth has changed a great deal over the past millions of years

511
Q

What do fossils found in younger rocks typically resemble?

A

Modern plants and animals

512
Q

Fill in the blank: Many fossils found in older rocks are of animals and plants that are _______.

A

extinct

513
Q

What does the study of fossils help scientists understand?

A

The changes in life forms and environments over geological time

514
Q

What is a key characteristic of fossils that do not look like modern organisms?

A

They indicate that the species has become extinct

515
Q

What are fossils?

A

Traces of once-living things that are preserved in rocks

516
Q

How do fossils form?

A

When animals or plants die and sink to the bottom of a body of water, they are buried by layers of sediments

517
Q

What is the relationship between fossils and sedimentary rock?

A

Fossils are the same age as the sedimentary rock in which they are found

518
Q

What type of organisms are trilobites?

A

Marine arthropods that lived on the bottoms of oceans 300-600 million years ago

519
Q

True or False: Trilobites exist today.

A

False

520
Q

If you found a rock with a trilobite, what could you say about that rock?

A

It is from the time when trilobites existed

521
Q

What do paleontologists study?

A

They study ancient life forms by interpreting animal and plant fossils

522
Q

What is a significant challenge faced by paleontologists?

A

Most fossils are not complete, consisting of only parts of skeletons or other traces

523
Q

What inference can be made about life on Earth based on fossils?

A

Life on Earth has changed a great deal over the past millions of years

524
Q

What do fossils found in younger rocks typically resemble?

A

Modern plants and animals

525
Q

Fill in the blank: Many fossils found in older rocks are of animals and plants that are _______.

A

extinct

526
Q

What does the study of fossils help scientists understand?

A

The changes in life forms and environments over geological time

527
Q

What is a key characteristic of fossils that do not look like modern organisms?

A

They indicate that the species has become extinct

528
Q

What is necessary for an organism to become a fossil?

A

Sediments must quickly bury the original plant or animal remains

Quick burial prevents scavengers and decomposers from breaking down the remains.

529
Q

What happens during the fossilization process?

A

The original organic form can be replaced by mineral substances

This process can occur over time as sediments accumulate.

530
Q

What is a trace fossil?

A

A cavity or track left behind by an organism

Examples include footprints.

531
Q

True or False: All living things have the potential to become fossils.

A

False

Not every living thing can become a fossil.

532
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of turning into a fossil is a ______ experience.

A

rare

Fossilization is not a common occurrence.

533
Q

What is one way an organism can become fossilized?

A

A cavity is created as the original organic form decays

This cavity can later be filled with sediments.

534
Q

What protects the remains of an organism during the fossilization process?

A

Quick burial by sediments

This prevents decomposition by scavengers.

535
Q

What are two types of fossils mentioned?

A

Actual fossils and trace fossils

Actual fossils are remains of the organism, while trace fossils are evidence of its activity.

536
Q

What are the layers of sediment that have formed over millions of years called?

A

Strata

Strata provide important information about past geological events.

537
Q

What can geologists determine from studying the kind of rock and grain size in a layer of strata?

A

Information about the environment in which it formed

Different rock types indicate different environmental conditions.

538
Q

If a layer of rock is limestone, what does this indicate about its original location?

A

It was originally at the bottom of an ocean

Limestone typically forms in marine environments.

539
Q

What does a very thick layer of strata indicate?

A

The environment remained stable for a long period

Stability allows for the deposition of more sediments.

540
Q

What happens when there is a change in the environment regarding strata formation?

A

A new, different layer forms

Changes can include events like a rise in sea level.

541
Q

Fill in the blank: A rise in sea level would show up as a change in _______.

A

Sediments along the former shoreline

Shoreline sediments are replaced by those from deeper water as sea levels rise.

542
Q

True or False: The type of sediments that form in deeper water is the same as those that form along the shoreline.

A

False

Different environments produce different types of sediments.

543
Q

What are the layers of sediment that have formed over millions of years called?

A

Strata

Strata provide important information about past geological events.

544
Q

What can geologists determine from studying the kind of rock and grain size in a layer of strata?

A

Information about the environment in which it formed

Different rock types indicate different environmental conditions.

545
Q

If a layer of rock is limestone, what does this indicate about its original location?

A

It was originally at the bottom of an ocean

Limestone typically forms in marine environments.

546
Q

What does a very thick layer of strata indicate?

A

The environment remained stable for a long period

Stability allows for the deposition of more sediments.

547
Q

What happens when there is a change in the environment regarding strata formation?

A

A new, different layer forms

Changes can include events like a rise in sea level.

548
Q

Fill in the blank: A rise in sea level would show up as a change in _______.

A

Sediments along the former shoreline

Shoreline sediments are replaced by those from deeper water as sea levels rise.

549
Q

True or False: The type of sediments that form in deeper water is the same as those that form along the shoreline.

A

False

Different environments produce different types of sediments.

550
Q

What year was the dinosaur skull named Albertosaurus discovered?

A

1884

The discovery was made while studying coal deposits in the Badlands.

551
Q

What sparked international interest in the Badlands area?

A

The discovery of a 70-million-year-old dinosaur skull, later named Albertosaurus

This find highlighted the area’s richness in dinosaur fossils.

552
Q

What is the significance of the Alberta government in relation to the Badlands?

A

They financed a major museum and research facility

This was in recognition of the area’s importance for paleontological research.

553
Q

What is the name of one of the largest museums of paleontology in the world?

A

The Tyrell Museum

It is located in Alberta and is notable for its extensive dinosaur displays.

554
Q

How many dinosaur remains does the Tyrell Museum display?

A

More than 200

This is the largest number of dinosaur remains under one roof anywhere.

555
Q

Where were most of the dinosaurs on display at the Tyrell Museum found?

A

In Alberta

The museum showcases the rich paleontological finds in the region.

556
Q

What unique features does the Tyrell Museum offer to visitors?

A

Computer terminals for designing dinosaurs and simulation games

Visitors can engage interactively beyond viewing exhibits.

557
Q

What can visitors watch from a special viewing area at the Tyrell Museum?

A

Technicians preparing and preserving fossils

This provides insight into the scientific process of fossil preparation.

558
Q

What opportunity is available for visitors who want to work with paleontologists?

A

Sign up to spend a day or a week on a real dinosaur dig

This hands-on experience allows for direct involvement in paleontological research.

559
Q

What has science learned about the ancient past?

A

From rock and fossil records

Rock and fossil records provide crucial information about Earth’s history.

560
Q

What are the time periods in Earth’s history called?

A

Eras

Eras are organized based on the sequence of rock strata.

561
Q

How do geologists determine the sequence of rock strata?

A

By identifying fossils and matching them with sedimentary rock layers

This method helps establish the relative ages of rock layers.

562
Q

What is the estimated age of Earth?

A

About 4.6 billion years

This estimation is based on various scientific methods including radiometric dating.

563
Q

What do the four main divisions in the geologic time sequences represent?

A

Major changes in the global environment

Each division is characterized by different life forms.

564
Q

Fill in the blank: The time period ‘Jurassic’ is named after the _______.

A

[Jura, a mountain range in France]

565
Q

True or False: The oldest rock layer is on the bottom while the youngest layer is on the top.

A

True

566
Q

What is the basis for naming some geologic periods?

A

Areas where rocks from that period are well exposed

This naming convention helps in identifying and categorizing geological history.

567
Q

What characterizes each era in the geologic time scale?

A

Different life forms

Each era is associated with distinct biological and environmental characteristics.

568
Q

What has science learned about the ancient past?

A

From rock and fossil records

Rock and fossil records provide crucial information about Earth’s history.

569
Q

What are the time periods in Earth’s history called?

A

Eras

Eras are organized based on the sequence of rock strata.

570
Q

How do geologists determine the sequence of rock strata?

A

By identifying fossils and matching them with sedimentary rock layers

This method helps establish the relative ages of rock layers.

571
Q

What is the estimated age of Earth?

A

About 4.6 billion years

This estimation is based on various scientific methods including radiometric dating.

572
Q

What do the four main divisions in the geologic time sequences represent?

A

Major changes in the global environment

Each division is characterized by different life forms.

573
Q

Fill in the blank: The time period ‘Jurassic’ is named after the _______.

A

[Jura, a mountain range in France]

574
Q

True or False: The oldest rock layer is on the bottom while the youngest layer is on the top.

A

True

575
Q

What is the basis for naming some geologic periods?

A

Areas where rocks from that period are well exposed

This naming convention helps in identifying and categorizing geological history.

576
Q

What characterizes each era in the geologic time scale?

A

Different life forms

Each era is associated with distinct biological and environmental characteristics.

577
Q

What is the time frame of the Precambrian Era?

A

4600 to 600 million years ago

This era marks the formation of Earth and the emergence of the first simple organisms.

578
Q

What significant life forms appeared during the Precambrian Era?

A

First simple organisms (bacteria) and first soft-bodied animals (no vertebrae)

This era is characterized by the earliest forms of life.

579
Q

What is the time frame of the Paleozoic Era?

A

600 to 225 million years ago

This era saw the development of various complex life forms.

580
Q

What significant life forms emerged during the Paleozoic Era?

A
  • First reptiles
  • First large land animals (amphibians and frogs)
  • First insects
  • First large land plants
  • First fish with jaws

This era is known for the diversification of life, especially in marine environments.

581
Q

What is the time frame of the Mesozoic Era?

A

225 to 65 million years ago

This era is often referred to as the age of dinosaurs.

582
Q

What significant life forms appeared during the Mesozoic Era?

A
  • Dinosaurs (which later became extinct)
  • First flowering plants
  • First birds and mammals

This era is marked by the dominance of dinosaurs and the evolution of early mammals and plants.

583
Q

What is the time frame of the Cenozoic Era?

A

65 million years ago to present day

This era is known for the rise of mammals and modern species.

584
Q

What significant developments occurred during the Cenozoic Era?

A
  • Appearance of most modern species
  • Many more species of mammals
  • First human-like species (about 2.3 million years ago)

This era reflects significant evolutionary advancements in mammals and the emergence of humans.

1. Elliot Science 7 75% (5 decks)

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