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Antibiotics > E Learning General > Flashcards

E Learning General Flashcards

1
Q

d: bactericidal antibiotic

A

kill bacteria

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2
Q

d: bacteriostatic antibiotic

A

inhibit bacterial growth

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3
Q

describe the pathway of an antibiotic that’s taken orally

A

absorbed by small intestine and spread throughout body, some is excreted unchanged in faeces

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4
Q

Name the 3 ways antibiotics work

A

act on bacteria cell wall
affect the bacterial ribosome
acting on bacterial DNA directly

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5
Q

why is the cell wall method used?

A

mammalian cells have no cell wall

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6
Q

why can AB affecting the bacterial ribosome used?

A

mammalian RIBOSOMES are structurally different to bacterial RIBOSOMES

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7
Q

why can AB acting on bacterial DNA directly be used?

A

bacterial DNA structurally diff from mammalian DNA

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8
Q

Name 3 antibiotics that act on the cell wall and are bactericidal

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Glycopeptides

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9
Q

How does penicillin and cephalosporin’s work?

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis by blocking crosslinking peptidoglycan’s

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10
Q

are penicillin’s safe during pregnancy?

A

yes

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11
Q

what are penicillin’s excreted by?

A

kidneys

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12
Q

what is the spectrum of penicillin?

A

broad

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13
Q

what are cephalosporins excreted by?

A

kidneys and urine

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14
Q

name 2 glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin (IV)

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15
Q

How do glycopeptide AB work?

A

Vancomycin binds to the end of the growing pentapeptide chain during peptidoglycan synthesis, preventing cross-linking and weakening the bacterial cell wall

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16
Q

how do glycopeptides have to be administered?

A

via IV

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17
Q

How are glycopeptides excreted?

A

via kidneys and urine

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18
Q

what can happen if toxic levels of vancomycin in the blood build up?

A

if the patient already has kidney failure it can cause further kidney damage

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19
Q

what are glycopeptides only active against?

A

organisms with a gram positive cell wall

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20
Q

why may vancomycin be given orally?

A

to treat C.diff infection

where it acts topically on the gut lumen

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21
Q

how do AB that inhibit protein synthesis do so?

A

attach to bacterial ribosomes

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22
Q

are protein synthesis AB bacteriostatic or bactericidal? what is the one exception?

A

bacteriostatic

aminoglycosides

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23
Q

Name the 2 main groups of AB that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Macrolides

Aminoglycosides

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24
Q

Name 3 macrolides

A

Erythromycin
Clarythromycin
Azithromycin

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25
Q

what are macrolides excreted by?

A

liver
biliary tract
into the gut
( not excreted in urine)

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26
Q

What properties of macrolides make them useful for infections where bacteria hide from hosts immune system?

A

lipophilic

pass through cell membranes easily

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27
Q

name 3 useful ways macrolides can be used and egs

A

for treating infections caused by intracellular organisms eg legionella

for treating infections cause by organisms that don’t have a proper bacterial cell wall eg mycoplasma and chlamydia

useful as alternate antibiotic for treating some infections where patients are allergic to penicillin

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28
Q

Name an aminoglycoside

A

gentamicin (IV)

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29
Q

how does gentamicin work?

A

binds to ribosomes inhibiting protein synthesis

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30
Q

is gentamicin bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal

31
Q

what type of bacteria does gentamicin mainly act against?

A

gram negative aerobic organisms

32
Q

how is gentamicin mainly used?

A

treating life threatening gram negative infections

33
Q

how is gentamicin excreted?

A

in the urine

34
Q

why must blood levels of a patient treated with an aminoglycoside be checked regularly?

A

narrow margin between giving enough antibiotic to treat the infection and overdosing the patient (narrow therapeutic index) could cause damage to kidneys and 8th Cranial nerve

35
Q

what does damage to 8th cranial nerve cause?

A

deafness and disturbance of balance

36
Q

Name 3 other AB that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Clindamycin
Chloramphenicol
Tetracyclines

37
Q

how are all other AB that inhibit protein synthesis excreted?

A

via liver and biliary system

38
Q

Name the protein inhibiting AB that is used to treat staph and strept in penicillin allergic patients

A

Clindamycin

39
Q

Name the AB that is commonly used to treat eye infections

A

Chloramphenicol

40
Q

How do tetracyclines work?

A

inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by attaching to ribosomes

41
Q

Are tetracyclines bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bacteriostatic

42
Q

what is the oral tetracycline used in Tayside?

A

doxycycline

43
Q

what is doxycycline useful for?

A

treating infections for bacteria with no cell wall eg pneumonia organisms
treating some infections for patients who are penicillin allergic

44
Q

Name 3 AB that act on bacterial DNA

A

Metronidazole
Trimethoprim
Fluoroquinolones

45
Q

How does metronidazole act, used for and administered?

A

acts by causing strand breakage of bacterial DNA

for infections caused by true anaerobes and protozoa

administered orally or IV

46
Q

how does trimethoprim act?

A

inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis

47
Q

How is trimethoprim administered, excreted and what is it active against?

A

given orally (on its own) or in combination with sulphamethoxazole ( orally or IV)

excreted in urine
active against some gram +ve and -ve bacteria

48
Q

how do fluoroquinolones work?

A

via interaction with topoisomerases, enzymes responsible for the supercoiling and uncoiling of bacterial DNA, means bacteria can no longer replicate

49
Q

Are fluoroquinolones bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal

50
Q

Name the only antibiotics that can be given orally to treat pseudomonas infection

A

fluoroquinolones

51
Q

fluoroquinolones are excreted by what?

A

urine

52
Q

Name a fluoroquinolone that is used for a complicated urinary tract infection?

A

ciprofloxacin

53
Q

Name a fluoroquinolone that is used for severe community acquired pneumonia in penicillin allergic patients

A

levofloxacin

54
Q

Give some general side effects of antibiotics

A

nausea
diarrhoea - may cause failure in oral contraception
resistance

55
Q

how do AB cause severe diarrhoea in elderly patients?

A

AB kill off normal gut bacterial flora and allow the overgrowth in the bowel of toxin-producing strains of C. difficile

56
Q

side effects of aminoglycosides

A

gentamicin damages kidneys

causes deafness and dizziness

57
Q

side effects glycopeptides

A

vancomycin damages kidneys

red man syndrome

58
Q

side effects of tetracyclines

A

permanent teeth and bone stains in children <12yrs

59
Q

side effects of metronidazole

A

interacts with alcohol

60
Q

quinolones side effects

A

weakens tendons
joint damage in children
may cause seizures

61
Q

give symptoms of penicillin hypersensitivity

A

itchy rash
difficulty breathing, swelling of mouth/ tongue and larynx
low blood pressure
swelling at injection sight

62
Q

what AB are safe in pregnancy?

A

penicillins + cephalosporins

trimethoprim and metronidazole avoided in first 3 months

63
Q

what cant be used during pregnancy?

A

gentamicin
tetracyclines
fluororquinolones

64
Q

what is the ability to become resistant to AB a result of?

A

a change in bacterial DNA

65
Q

Name the 2 mechanisms bacterial resistance can develop by

A

genetic mutation

transfer of DNA THAT CODES FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE FROM ONE BACTERIUM TO ANOTHER

66
Q

how does the transfer of DNA that codes for antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another occur?

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

67
Q

how do bacteria reproduce? therefore how does genetic mutation occur?

A

via binary fission

as there is a lot of scope for misreading of the genetic code

68
Q

d: transformation

A

when bacteria die and cells break apart, free floating DNA released into thje surrounding environment and my be scavenged by other bacteria and incorporated into their DNA.
this DNA may contain genes that code for antibiotic resistance and benefit the recipient cell.

69
Q

d: conjugation

A

bacteria contain plasmids
many plasmids carry genes that transfer resistance to antibiotics
a pilus forms between two bacteria when their close together ( hollow bridge like structure)
the plasmid replicates and one copy is transferred via the pilus to the other bacterium
this enables a previously susceptible bacterium to acquire the antibiotic resistance

70
Q

d: transduction

A

bacterial DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another inside a virus that infects bacteria
-called bacteriophages or phages
when a phage infects a bacterium it takes over the bacteria’s genetic processes to produce more phages
during this process bacterial Dna , which may code for AB resistance may accidently be incorporated into the new phage DNA
when the host cell dies and the phages are released , they will contain DNA from the host bacterium and it will be transferred

71
Q

Name the 3 mechanisms of AB resistance

A

Altered AB target binding site
destruction or inactivation of the antibiotic
increased efflux

72
Q

how does altered binding site resistance occur?

A

ome antibiotics work by binding to a ribosome and impair protein synthesis. For resistance, the bug then methylates the ribosome so the antibiotic cannot bind to it and protein synthesis is preserved. B-lactams require a penicillin binding protein to be effective. So the bug produces and altered penicillin binding protein rendering B-lactams useless.

73
Q

how does increased efflux work?

A

As antibiotic travels through a porin or in by diffusion, the organism has the ability to turn on efflux pumps to pump the antibiotic out and away from its destination.

74
Q

how does destruction of AB work?

A

The organism has developed an enzyme that hydrolyzes or breaks apart the particular B-lactam, rendering it ineffective.
Give a short explanation for how the altering of a binding site with a ribosome causes resistance.

Antibiotics (2 decks)

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