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1
Q

What does SBAR stand for?

A

Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation

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2
Q

What is included in the ‘Situation’ component of SBAR?

A

Reason for visit and admitting diagnosis

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3
Q

What kind of patients are considered vulnerable populations in the ED?

A
  • Children
  • Elderly
  • Abuse victims
  • Homeless/poor/uninsured
  • Mental health/substance abuse
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4
Q

What are core competencies for ED RNs?

A
  • Patient assessment
  • Priority setting
  • Critical thinking/decision-making
  • Time management
  • Multi-tasking
  • Documentation
  • Communication
  • Adaptability
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5
Q

What is the responsibility of triage in the ED?

A

Triage is the registered nurse’s responsibility and cannot be delegated to LPN

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6
Q

What are the three tiers of triage?

A
  • Emergent
  • Urgent
  • Non-urgent
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7
Q

What characterizes an ‘Emergent’ triage situation?

A

Life-threatening conditions requiring immediate attention

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8
Q

What is the primary focus during the primary survey?

A

Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure

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9
Q

What is the significance of a radial pulse during resuscitation?

A

Radial pulse indicates SBP ≥ 80 mmHg

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10
Q

What does the acronym START stand for in triage?

A

Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment

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11
Q

What does a ‘black tag’ signify in mass casualty triage?

A

Expectant; likely to die without immediate care

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion?

A
  • Faintness
  • Excessive sweating
  • Headache
  • Weakness
  • Cool/pale/clammy skin
  • Rapid/weak pulse
  • Muscle cramps
  • Nausea/Vomiting
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13
Q

What is the key treatment for heat stroke?

A

Remove from heat, cool the body, and provide IV fluids

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14
Q

What is the body temperature threshold for hypothermia?

A

Body temperature < 95°F

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15
Q

What are the signs of moderate hypothermia?

A
  • Loss of coordination
  • Stupor
  • Confusion
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16
Q

What is the first priority in treating snake bites?

A

Airway management

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17
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the coloration of coral snake bites?

A

Red on yellow will kill a fellow; red on black, venom lack

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18
Q

What are common symptoms of altitude-related illnesses?

A
  • Headache
  • Nausea/Vomiting
  • Irritability
  • Chills
  • Anorexia
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19
Q

What are the risk factors for high-altitude pulmonary edema?

A

Exposure to low partial pressure of O2 at high elevations

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20
Q

What is the leading cause of accidental death in the US?

A

Drowning

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21
Q

What is the recommended action to prevent drowning?

A

Know how to swim and avoid alcohol/drugs when near water

22
Q

What is the treatment for frostbite in a hospital setting?

A

Warm water bath for the affected area, elevation, and analgesics

23
Q

What medication may be taken for nail bed prevention?

A

Sildenafil

24
Q

List three prevention strategies for drowning.

A
  • Know how to swim
  • Don’t swim alone
  • Avoid alcohol/drugs when swimming/near water
25
What happens to surfactant when water enters the lungs?
Washed out of lungs, destabilizes alveoli, increases airway resistance
26
What effect does saltwater have on the lungs?
Draws protein-rich fluid into the vascular space of alveoli, leading to pulmonary edema
27
What protective effect does very cold water have during drowning?
Better chance of positive outcomes
28
What is a common consequence of spinal cord injury when diving?
Need to stabilize the cord prehospital
29
What is shock?
Perfusion-oxygenation problem that may be related to fluid volume, decreased cardiac output, etc.
30
What are the four stages of shock?
* Initiation * Compensatory * Progressive * Refractory
31
What characterizes the initiation stage of shock?
Typically unrecognized because changes are subtle
32
What occurs during the compensatory stage of shock?
Initiation of compensatory mechanisms, increase in HR and contractility
33
What triggers the reabsorption of sodium and water during shock?
Decreased kidney perfusion
34
What happens during the progressive stage of shock?
Failure of compensatory mechanisms, vital organs experience hypoxia
35
What is the refractory stage of shock?
Unresponsive to therapy, very difficult to save once reached this point
36
What is hypovolemic shock?
Inadequate volume of vascular space leading to decreased preload, stroke volume, and cardiac output
37
List two causes of hypovolemic shock.
* Blood loss (internal or external) * Fluid loss (N/V, diarrhea, burns)
38
What is cardiogenic shock?
Heart pump failure due to filling, contraction, conduction, or structural problems
39
What is obstructive shock?
Obstruction of the cardiovascular system affecting heart or blood vessels
40
What constitutes distributive shock?
Blood volume distributed to interstitial tissues, blocking oxygen distribution
41
What are symptoms of shock related to cardiac function?
* Increased HR * Decreased BP * Weak pulses * Sluggish cap refill
42
What laboratory finding is elevated due to cellular hypoxia in shock?
Lactate
43
What are the initial respiratory symptoms of shock?
* Increased respiratory rate * Initially deep and labored, later shallow
44
What is the Parkland Formula for fluid replacement in burns?
4mL x Kg x TBSA%
45
What characterizes superficial burns (first degree)?
Damage only the top layer of skin, healing occurs in 3-6 days
46
What are the signs of superficial partial-thickness burns (second degree)?
* Moist/red * Blisters * Pain increased
47
What is a distinguishing feature of full-thickness burns (third degree)?
Skin cannot heal on its own, requires skin grafts
48
What is a common cause of chemical burns?
Home or industrial accidents
49
What are the phases of burn treatment?
* Emergent (resuscitation) * Acute (healing) * Rehabilitative (restorative)
50
What are the signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?
* Headache * Breathlessness * Drowsiness * Altered mental status
51
What is the treatment for suspected carbon monoxide poisoning?
Administer high-flow O2 for at least 6 hours

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