Dysphagia Flashcards
What are the different types of dysphagia? X2
- Oropharyngeal
Can be subdivided into oral dysphagia and pharyngeal dysphagia
- Oesophageal
What is the prevalence of dysphagia in the UK? x3 examples
50-75% of nursing home residents
50-60% of head and neck cancer survivors
40-78% of stroke survivors
What is oropharyngeal dysphagia?
Swallowing difficulties due to problems in the facial, oral and laryngeal areas
Can be subdivided into oral dysphagia and pharyngeal dysphagia
What is oesophageal dysphagia?
Swallowing difficulties due to difficulties in the oesophagus
What is presbyphagia?
Age-related changes in the swallow mechanism typically without a known cause
What are the simple stages of swallowing?
- Oral preparatory stage
- Oral stage
- Pharyngeal stage
- Oesophagul stage
What is involved in the oral stage of swallowing?
Anticipation, recognition of food
Salivation
Accepting the bolus
Nasal breathing
Masticate
Form a bolus
What is involved in the oral stage of swallowing?
Transfer of bolus from front to back
Takes 1-1.5 seconds to complete
What is involved in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?
- Transfer bolus through pharynx towards the oesphagus
- Stops the bolus from entering the nasal cavity or larynx/trachea
What is aspiration?
Food or drink entering the lungs
It can lead to fatal pneumonia
What are the four seals involved in swallowing?
- Lips/teeth/tongue seal off oral cavity
- Velum seals off the nasal cavity
- Epiglottis seals off the larynx
- Vocal folds seals off the trachea
What is involved in the oesophagul stage of swallowing?
- UES relaxes and opens to allow bolus into the oesophagus
- Peristalsis transports bolus down to the oesophagus
Oesophagul transit time: 8-20 seconds - LES opens to allow bolus into the stomach
What is peristalsis?
Wave-like contractions that move food through the digestive tract
What is the breath-swallow cycle?
Inhale - exhale - swallow - exhale
1 breath cycle: 5-2.5 seconds (gets slower with age)
1 swallow: 1-2 seconds (gets longer with age)
Features an apneoic period
What is the apneoic period?
Breath is stopped for 1-2 seconds after swallowing
Vocal folds adduct and close temporarily
