Dyspepsia Flashcards
Causes of oesophageal strictures?
Damage caused by acid reflux Radiation therapy Ingestion of corrosive/acidic substances Extended use of NG tube Damage by endoscopy Treatment of oesophageal varices Malignancy
Symptoms of strictures?
Difficulty swallowing Painful swallowing Weight loss Regurgitation of food/liquids Food sticking Burping/hiccoughs Indigestion
Risk factors for malignant strictures?
Excessive alcohol intake
Smoking
GORD - Barrett’s oesophagus
What is achalasia?
Failure of opening of lower oesophageal sphincter when swallowing, results in swallowing or retention of the food bolus with increasing obstruction
What is GORD?
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease - exposure of oesophageal lining to acidic stomach contents due to a failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter
Dyspepsia symptoms?
Pain/discomfort Bloated Burping Nausea Vomiting
Reflux symptoms?
Heartburn Unpleasant taste in mouth Dysphagia Cough Odynophagia Globus Laryngitis Water brash Asthma type symptoms
What is functional dyspepsia?
Indigestion type symptoms with no cause on endoscopy
Problem with functioning of GI tract
Investigations for GORD?
PPI trial Endoscopy FBC Barium swallow pH monitoring
Grade I GORD?
Single or multiple erosions on a single fold
Grade II GORD?
Multiple erosions affecting multiple folds
Grade III GORD?
Multiple circumfrential erosions
Grade IV GORD?
Ulceration
Stenosis
Oesophageal shortening
Grade V GORD?
Barretts epithelium
What is Barrett’s oesophagus?
Metaplasia of oesophagus from squamous epithelium to columnar with presence of goblet cells
