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Literacy > Dysgraphia > Flashcards

Dysgraphia Flashcards

1
Q

What is acquired dysgraphia?

A

Term used to describe a partial or total impairment in writing following neurological damage (Rapcsak & Beeson, 2002)

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2
Q

What causes dysgraphia? (2)

A
  1. May result from language impairment

2. Praxis and visuospatial dysfunction

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3
Q

What does dysgraphia often co-occur with?

A

Aphasia and therefore may become apparent if an individual uses writing as a form of communication

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4
Q

What is pure dysgraphia?

A

A specific writing impairment

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5
Q

What two functional systems does writing involve?

A

Linguistic and motor (Rapscak & Beeson, 2000)

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6
Q

What do impairments at the linguistic level cause?

A

Central dysgraphia

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7
Q

What do impairments at the motor level cause?

A

Peripheral dysgraphia

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8
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of central dysgraphia?

A

Phonological
Deep
Surface

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9
Q

What are 3 variants of peripheral dysgraphia?

A

Fluent

Apraxic

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10
Q

What is a central dysgraphia caused by?

A

Disruptions from the semantic level to activating the representation in the orthographic output lexicon and/or transmitting to the graphic output buffer

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11
Q

Are there dissociations between modalities in central dysgraphia? (2)

A
  1. No dissociations in modalities

2. Because the impairment occurs above the motor level

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12
Q

What is phonological dysgraphia characterised by? (2)

A

Beauvois & Derousne (1979)

  1. A disproportionate difficult in processing NW compared to real words
  2. Giving rise to a lexicality effect in writing
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13
Q

What can be observed in phonological dysgraphia?

A

Coltheart et al. (2001)

  1. Difficulties writing non-words/unfamiliar real words
  2. Lexical errors
  3. Frequency effects
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14
Q

Who provides a case study of phonological dysgraphia?

A

Shallice (1981b): PR

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15
Q

According to a cognitive model of single word processing, where does the breakdown occur in phonological dysgraphia? (2)

A
  1. Breakdown in sublexical phoneme-grapheme conversion mechanisms
  2. Lexical-semantic mechanisms are preserved
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16
Q

What route does writing occur via in phonological dysgraphia?

A
  1. Semantic-lexical route

2. AIL -> semantic store -> OOL -> GOB

17
Q

What is deep dysgraphia characterised by? (4)

A
  1. Phonological deficits
  2. Semantic errors
  3. Lexicality effects
  4. Difficulty writing non-words, as well as unfamiliar and abstract words
18
Q

According to a cognitive model of single word processing, where does the breakdown occur in deep dysgraphia?

A

An impairment between the mapping of the semantic system and phonological output lexicon

19
Q

What route does writing occur via in deep dysgraphia? (4)

A
  1. Individual accesses a whole word spelling in the orthographic output lexicon from the phonological output lexicon
  2. Impairment in semantic system and P-G conversion
  3. Writing via an impaired semantic route (spells without knowing meaning of word)
  4. AIL -> POL -> OOL -> GOB
20
Q

Summarise the similarities between phonological and deep dysgraphia (3)

A
  1. P-G conversion is a difficulty
  2. Therefore impaired NW writing (despite good repetition)
  3. Imageability effect
21
Q

Summarise the differences between phonological and deep dysgraphia (4)

A
  1. PR (phon) uses a real word mediator
  2. PR (phon) strength in real words but poor in JC (deep)
  3. Types of errors
  4. Underlying impairment
22
Q

Explain the similarity of impaired NW writing (3)

A
  1. JC scored 5/20 (4-letter-NW) and 0/17 (8-letter-NW) but 17/20 on concrete nouns
  2. PR scored 6/40 on NW but 93% on real words
  3. Both good repetition of NW
23
Q

What does good repetition of the NW show?

A

Perception or retention of the NW is not impaired in JC or PR

24
Q

What is a difference associated with NW between PR (phon) and JC (deep)? (3)

A
  1. When PR wrote a NW correctly, he reported using a real word as a mediator
  2. Sim -> sym (via symptom)
  3. However once the mediator had been obtained, he did not seem able to use the phonology effectively to provide an appropriate modification
25
Q

What is a difference associated with real words between PR (phon) and JC (deep)?

A
  1. PR shows strength in real word writing
  2. Poor real words in JC, despite scoring 17/20 on concrete nouns, performs significantly worse on abstract nouns (9/20) and function words (6/20)
26
Q

Explain the similarity of an imageability effect (4)

A
  1. JC has difficulties writing low imageability words
  2. Discrepancy between content and function/abstract words
  3. PR also showed better performance in content words -> written performance influenced by semantic aspects
  4. Highlighted in PR’s spontaneous writing
27
Q

What can be seen in PR’s spontaneous writing? (4)

A
  1. Omission of verbs
  2. Incorrect verb conjugation
  3. Function word substitutes
  4. Also seen in case of JC
28
Q

Do other psycholinguistic variables impact phonological and deep dysgraphia?

A

No - there is no regularity or length effect

29
Q

What type of errors were seen in JC’s NW attempts? (4)

A
  1. Confabulations
  2. Omissions
  3. Attempting to convert into similar sounding real word
  4. Semantic errors (eg. blom -> flower, time -> clock)
30
Q

What type of errors were seen in PR’s writing? (5)

A
  1. Lexical errors due to impairment in semantic route
  2. Structurally similar (shy -> shine)
  3. Derivational (spill -> split)
  4. Morphological
  5. Mixed (salary -> celery)
31
Q

Summarise the differences in error types in phonological and deep dysgraphia (3)

A
  1. JC: semantic errors
  2. PR: lexical errors
  3. Both show omissions
32
Q

Summarise the overall similarities in phonological and deep dysgraphia(3)

A
  1. Impairment in NW
  2. Good NW repetition
  3. Imageability effect
33
Q

Summarise the overall differences in phonological and deep dysgraphia (4)

A
  1. Performance in real word writing
  2. Process of NW writing
  3. Error types
  4. Underlying impairment

Literacy (2 decks)

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