Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SPP310 - NSMD > Dysarthria > Flashcards

Dysarthria Flashcards

1
Q

Define the concept ‘acquired’.

A

Sudden onset. Damage to an already established or developed system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does ‘motor’ refer to?

A

Muscle tone, movement, planning, coordination and execution. Sensorimotor relates to feedback from the sensory system in terms of movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Speech

A

A mode of communication. The final output of wanting to express a message verbally. Include segmental and suprasegmental characteristics. Segmental: Respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, VOT. Suprasegmentals: Duration, rate/rhythm, juncture, stress, intonation, voice quality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dysarthria

A

Insult or injury to the nervous system resulting in no or reduced, atypical innervation of muscles resulting in constant speech distortions, a pattern exists distortions are consistent. Motor programming and execution (speech) is impacted.

Thus, respiration, resonance, phonation and articulation are impacted. Damage to the NS may lead to paralysis, paresis, involuntary movement or poor coordination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Apraxia

A

Motor planning difficulty due to damage to the nervous system and impacts the movement required to produce target sounds. Errors vary and are not predictable, but motor planning is worsened by increase in word difficulty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Two differences between dysarthria and apraxia

A

Dysarthria: Injury to NS that impacts motor execution of speech sounds. Distortions are constant and predictable.
Apraxia: Injury to NS that impacts motor planning of target sounds. Errors vary and increase as word complexity does.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Difference between speech and language.

A

Language - a symbol system used to represent thoughts, concepts, ideas etc. Rule governed.
Speech - final output and is a verbal mode to express language and convey a message.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Speech model

A 
Respiration
Phonation
Resonance
Articulation
VOT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

FLF of speech sensorimotor control

A

(intent to communicate verbally)
Symbolic linguistic planning
Motor planning (spatial and temporal for specific phonemes)
Motor programming (planned sequence of movements)
Motor execution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aphasia

A

Disorder relating to linguistic symbolisation. Difficulty expressing (Broca’s) and receiving (Wernicke’s) language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lesion: temporal parietal

A

Ability affected: Linguistic symbolic comprehension

Disorder: Receptive aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lesion: temporal parietal, Broca’s and adjacent

A

Ability affected: Linguistic symbolic planning (syntax and morphology)
Disorder: Broca’s aphasia, phonemic paraphasia of Wernicke’s and conduction aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lesion: Broca’s and motor cortex

A

Ability affected: Motor planning

Disorder: Aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lesion: Basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor cortex, lower motor neurones

A

Ability affected: Motor programming and execution

Disorder: Dysarthria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Closed head injury

A

Ability affected: Cognition, memory, attention

Disorder: Variety, symptoms of TBI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

UMN

A

Convey impulses for voluntary movement from brain to LMN. Fibres crossover, have contralateral and ipsilateral innervation. Synapse with LMN.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

LMN

A

Transmit signal to motor end plates in muscles through cranial and spinal nerves and muscle responds accordingly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neurophysiological approach

A

Consider MSD as a result of a lesion, specific symptoms can be seen when a lesion is in a particular area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neuro-evolutional approach

A

Consider MSD as a breakdown in the development of movement. Maturation of motor system and more voluntary control. More differentiation of movement (gross to fine).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

We use a combined approach

A

For better level of functioning, use in ax and tx. Establishes where to start and what to work towards, from simple to complex movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bilateral central representation

A

Ipsilateral and contralateral innervation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Symptoms of UMN lesion

A

Loss of voluntary movement in 1/2 body (limbs) on opposite side of lesion. No atrophy (muscle mass loss). No tremors or fasciculations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Symptoms of bilateral UMN lesion

A

Both sides of body affected; quadriplegia. E.g. pseudobulbar (CN 9, 10, 11 affected with weakness and spasticity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Symptoms of unilateral UMN lesion

A

Opposite limbs are affected as well us lower 1/4 of face and 1/2 of tongue on opposite side, eye and eyebrow unaffected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Spasticity

A

Symptom of UMN lesion. Pathological reflexes can occur, leading to increased tone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Essential factors for normal functioning of movement

A
  • Stimulus
  • Motor program
  • Postural adjustment
  • Activation of synergists
  • Inhibition of antagonists
  • Activation of primary movement muscle groups
  • Postural adjustment & equilibrium reactions during execution of movement
  • Sensory feedback
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Basal ganglia lesions

A

Hypokinetic - hypertonic
Hyperkinetic - hypotonic
Leads to disorders in programming and execution

28
Q

Hypokinetic dysarthria

A

Low movement, therefore increased tone (spasticity/rigidity), hypertonic. Basal ganglia fall out, associated with Parkinson’s. Monopitch, monoloudness

29
Q

Hyperkinetic dysarthria

A

High movement, therefore flaccid, reduced tone, hypotonic

30
Q

Symptoms of basal ganglia lesions

A

Chorea

Athetosis

31
Q

3 areas of the cerebellum

A

Archicerebellum (balance)
Palleocerebellum (control of tone and posture)
Neocerebellum (planning of movements)

32
Q

Impact of cerebellar damage

A

Temporal control of speech production, difficulty planning and coordinating movements. Difficulty with DDK and rhythm

33
Q

Symptoms of injury to archicerebellum

A

Ataxia
Nystagmus
Vertigo

34
Q

Symptoms of injury to palleocerebellum

A

Ataxia

35
Q

Symptoms of injury to neocerebellum

A

Hypotonia

Dyssenergia

36
Q

Ataxia symptoms

A

Cerebellar fall out. Sound drunk, wide gait, difficulty with balance, poor coordination. Difficulty with stress or intonation. Excess loudness of speech, slow rate

37
Q

Symptoms of LMN lesions

A

Flaccid dysarthria, hypotonia, atrophy, fasciculations. Cranial nerves affected, sensory difficulties

38
Q

Symptoms of unilateral LMN lesion

A

1/2 of face on same side as lesion,

39
Q

Symptoms of bilateral LMN lesion

A

Whole face affected

40
Q

Mixed dysarthria

A

Neuromuscular pathology such as myasthenia gravis or MND/ALS. Degenerative decline in muscle fiber. Impact more than one area of the brain.

41
Q

Describe why the stages of processing language and speech is important and list them.

A 
A concept needs to be transformed into a meaningful linguistic message and then into a motor plan in order for us to verbally convey a message. Different neural parts are involved in different stages of this processing.
Linguistic symbolic planning
Motor planning
Motor programming
Motor execution
42
Q

Linguistic symbolic planning

A

Related to language and not motor aspects of speech planning, programming or production. Pertains to constructing a message using the rules of a language. Fall out on this level results in aphasia.

43
Q

What does motor planning entail?

A

Spacial and temporal aspects of the movements needed to produce a specific phoneme, articulator specific. Core motor plans (CMP) are constructed or recalled. Goals for each CMP are identified. Internal feedback. Fall out on this level results in apraxia of speech.

44
Q

Which areas of the brain control motor programming and execution?

A

BG, cerebellum, UMN, LMN. Fall out on this level results in dysarthria.

45
Q

Which speech subsystems are impacted by apraxia?

A

Phonation
Resonance
Articulation

46
Q

What’s the difference between dysarthria and apraxia of speech?

A

Apraxia - not due to muscle weakness. Distortions are inconsistent. Relate to the temporal and spatial aspects of articulators to produce a specific phoneme. Occurs at the level of motor planning.
Dysarthria - due to insult of the NS resulting in distorted speech impacting motor programming and motor execution as a result of muscle weakness. Distortions are consistent.

47
Q

Which speech subsystems are impacted by dysarthria?

A

Respiration
Resonance
Phonation
Articulation

48
Q

List some speech characteristics of dysarthria

A

slow or rapid motor movements
Decrease in strength and range of movements
Poor directionality and timing of movements

49
Q

What are reflexes?

A

It is the simplest form of movement and is involuntary. Most infantile reflexes are inhibited unless needed for survival, but may reappear after TBI. They are processed either in the brain or spinal cord.

50
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A stimuli triggers the receptors in the skin, sending a signal to the brainstem or spinal cord along an afferent pathway, a signal is then sent via the efferent pathway to the effector organ for muscle to respond accordingly. It occurs below the level of conscious control and is predictable. Can be autonomic or somatic.

51
Q

Autonomic reflexes

A

Unconscious reflexes that regulate bodily functions and smooth muscle

52
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

53
Q

Name the four groups of reflexes

A

Superficial
Deep
Visceral
Pathological

54
Q

Name four types of muscle groups

A

Agonist - contracts while another relaxes
Antagonist - opposes the action of another
Synergistic - stabilises the the joint around which movement is occurring
Fixation - stabilises the origin of the agonist

55
Q

What is the effect of longitudinal muscle contraction of the tongue?

A

The tongue shortens and thickens. If the longitudinal muscles on one side are more active, tongue bends to that side.

56
Q

What is the effect of transverse muscle contraction of the tongue?

A

Lengthens and thins the tongue

57
Q

What is the effect of simultaneous contraction of the longitudinal and transverse muscles?

A

The tongue becomes rigid

58
Q

What is tongue deviation?

A

Occurs due to damage in the motor cortex, affecting the hypoglossal nerve. Tongue will turn away from the midline when protruded and will deviate toward the side of the lesion.

59
Q

Name the seven dimensions of movement that have to be controlled - (my mom makes such amazing roast turkey)

A

1) Muscle strength, must be graded
2) Speed of movement
3) Range of movement - boundaries of equivalence: limited spatial range for a sound to perceived correctly, stay within the boundary for accurate perception
4) Accuracy
5) Motor steadiness
6) Timing
7) Muscle tone

60
Q

Name three persistent reflexes

A

Gag (superficial)
Palatal (superficial)
Mandibular (deep)

61
Q

What do motor programs specify?

A

Muscle tone, movement direction, speed, force, range, mechanical stiffness of joints; dimensions of movement

62
Q

What happens at the motor execution level?

A

Programs are transformed into reflexes. At this level adjustments are not possible as it is reflexive.

63
Q

Flaccid dysarthria

A

Execution only. Due to LMN lesion. Breathiness, hypernasality. Audible inspiration, loudness variation.

64
Q

Which types of dysarthria are programming-execution types?

A

Hyperkinetic
Hypokinetic (eg Parkinsons)
Ataxic

65
Q

Spastic dysarthria

A

Result of UMN lesion. strained voice, reduced ROM, very imprecise articulation.

66
Q

What are the goals of assessment?

4

A

Describe the perceptual characteristics
Describe the speech subsystems affected
Identify any other systems or processes affected
Ax impact on speech intelligibility

67
Q

List the components of the assessment.

7

A 
Case history
Non-speech examination
Speech production
Language and cognitive communication
Swallowing ability
Linguistic and cultural considerations
Differential diagnosis

SPP310 - NSMD (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions