Dynamics of Colonization Flashcards
When did the first humans inhabit South Africa?
At least 100,000 years ago
Who were the first white colonizers to arrive in South Africa, and when?
Colonizers from Holland in 1652
In what year did the British begin colonizing South Africa?
1815
What significant discoveries were made in Southern Africa during the 1870s?
Diamonds and gold
What is indirect rule in the context of colonization?
The practice of establishing intermediary indigenous authorities to govern on the colonizer’s behalf
What was the main objective of keeping natives under their own law according to Lord Shepstone?
To ensure control of them
Which scholar noted that the separate but subordinate state structure for natives first developed in southern African colonies?
Mamdani
What did the 1846 British commission on Natal propose regarding ‘Natives’?
‘Natives’ should live in controlled areas and be administered under a system of justice compatible with their own law
What does apartheid mean in Afrikaans?
Separateness
How can apartheid be defined?
State-sanctioned racism encoded in the laws and norms of state and society
When did apartheid officially come into law in South Africa?
With the election of the National Party in 1948
What powers were concentrated in native chiefs under colonial laws in Natal Colony?
- Coercively mobilize population for combat and labor
- Levy taxes
- Apportion land
- Arrest natives or inflict beatings
- Absolute power over property, women, and minors
What significant legal development occurred in 1910 regarding natives in South Africa?
Unified law over natives throughout South Africa; Natives subject to rule by decree
What was mandated by the 1951 policy regarding native control?
Native control must be mediated at the level of the tribe, not the village
What were the consequences of the British governor Lord Grey’s actions in 1847?
Seizing African land and fragmenting Native territory
What did colonial authorities establish as a social prerequisite of a single legal order?
Appropriation of land, destruction of communal autonomy, and establishment of individual wage labor
How did colonial governance affect tribal identity?
Facilitated by demarcating Africans into tribal units and reinforcing tribal traits and authority
What was a key aspect of the legal roots of apartheid?
Whites and Natives were legally and spatially segregated
What percentage of the South African population was African in 1911?
67%
Which groups were forcibly relocated to Bantustans under apartheid?
- Tswanas (Bophuthatswana)
- Zulus (KwaZulu)
- Xhosas (Transkei and Ciskei)
- Vendas (Venda)
By 1986, what percentage of Black South Africans lived in Bantustans?
39%
True or False: The British fought the white Afrikaners in the Anglo-Boer War from 1899 to 1902.
True
Fill in the blank: Indirect rule involved establishing ________ to govern colonized territories.
[intermediary indigenous authorities]
