Dynamic Equilibrium C12/C15 Paper 1

Question 1

P1

What is dynamic equilibrium?

Answer 1

When forward & backward reactions occur at the same rate

Question 2

P1

What is the method for making ammonia called and what are the conditions?

Answer 2

The Haber Process:
•450°C
•200 atmospheres pressure
•Iron catalyst

Question 3

How does temperature affect the position of equilibrium?

Answer 3

Equilibrium position shifts:

• Increase in temp: in the endothermic direction
• Decreasing temp: in the exothermic direction

Question 4

How does gas pressure affect equilibrium?

Answer 4

• Increase pressure: into the direction that forms fewer gas molecules
• Decrease pressure: into the direction that forms more gas molecules

Question 5

What happens to equilibrium when we change concentration?

Answer 5

Increase concerntration: in the direction that uses up the substance added
Decrease concentration: in the direction that forms the substance removed

Question 6

What are fertilisers?

Answer 6

Fertilisers replace mineral ions needed by the plants

Question 7

Attributes of making fertiliser in a lab?

Answer 7

• Smaller scale production
• Starts with ammonia solution and dilute sulfuric acid
• Uses titration then crystallisation
• Produced in batches
• Raw materials are bought

Question 8

Attributes of making fertilisers in industry?

Answer 8

• Large scale production
• Starts with raw materials for making ammonia and sulfuric acid
• Serveral stages
• Continuous production
• Raw materials produced

Question 9

How do catalysts affect equilibrium?

Are they used up?

Answer 9

• Only affect rate
• Doesn’t affect position of equilibrium
• Not used up in reaction

Question 10

How are reaction pathways chosen for industrial processes?

Answer 10

• Availability and cost of raw materials/energy supplies
• The rate of reaction + equilibrium position
• Atom economy, yield, usefulness of by-products