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ES1001 > Dynamic earth/minerals > Flashcards

Dynamic earth/minerals Flashcards

1
Q

When did geological time start

A

When the first solid material condensed in our solar nebular. These solids accreted over and over forming planetesimals which then formed planets

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2
Q

What is the principle of uniformity

A

The present is key to the past. The earth has always changed in uniform ways.

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3
Q

What is the principle of superposition

A

The layers of sedimentary rock, the oldest is at the base and the layers get progressively younger in ascending order.

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4
Q

What is the principle of original continuity

A

Sediments generally accumulate in continuous sheets. If you see a sedimentary layer cut by a valley, one can assume that the layer once spanned the valley and has been eroded by the river that formed the valley

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5
Q

What is the geological column

A

By correlating rocks for all around the world geologists have pieced together a stratigraphic column that represents the entirety of earths visible history. Define the course of life’s evolution through life’s history.

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6
Q

What is relative/numerical age

A

Relative= The age of one feature relative to another
Numerical= age of a feature in given years.

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7
Q

What is radioactive decay

A

Converts an element into a different one. Rates are commonly stated in terms of half life (time needed for half a group of isotopes to decay

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8
Q

What is geochronology

A

Investigation of what, when and how of planetary scale processes.

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9
Q

Seismic waves, discuss

A

Rupture of intact rock or frictional slip along a fault produced them. Move outwards in all direction . P and S waves. To travel through material, and on velocity at which this occurs depend upon the character of that material,

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10
Q

what is a mass extinction

A

A mass extinction is a relatively sudden, global decrease in the diversity of life forms. To be a mass extinction, the following must occur:
* Extinctions occur all over the world.
* A large number of species go extinct.

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11
Q

what is the speed of seismic waves proportional to

A

rock density

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12
Q

what speeds with P-waves travel at

A

8 km/sec in dense igneous rocks (e.g. peridotite) but 3.5 km/sec in sandstone

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13
Q

which do seismic waves travel faster in

A

faster in solids than liquids – so more slowly in magma than solid rock

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14
Q

what type of wave can’t travel through liquids

A

S-waves

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15
Q

when will seismic waves as energy reflect/ refract

A

when reaching the interface between two layers of rock of differing compositions and/or densities

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16
Q

what concept enabled the discovery of the crust/mantle boundary in 1909

A

reflection/ refraction

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17
Q

what depth is the crust-mantle boundary

A

35-40 Km

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18
Q

what % is the atmosphere of the planets mass

A

0.03%

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19
Q

what % is the crust of the planets mass

A

0.47%

20
Q

what % is the mantle of the planets mass

A

67%

21
Q

what are phase changes

A

levels at which atoms are rearranged and packed more closely

22
Q

at 410 km what happens to olivine

A

unstable and collapses to form denser magnesium spinel

23
Q

what is the shadow zone

A

S-waves can’t pass through the liquid core and therefore are not recorded

24
Q

what happens to P-waves at the core

A

The unrefracted wave passes directly through the core, emerging at C.
But it reaches C sooner than predicted if the entire core is liquid, i.e. it travels too fast for that possibility – hence an inner part must be solid

25
Q

what are the two parts to the core

A

liquid outer solid inner

26
Q

what happens to the layers the further into the earth you go

A

they get denser

27
Q

what is a rock

A

A naturally occurring and consolidated material usually comprised of one or more mineral phases

28
Q

how many plates is the lithosphere divided into

A

15-20 plates of varying sizes

29
Q

what Separates the Pacific plate from the North American plate

A

continental transform fault

30
Q

What are Hot Spots?

A

Isolated volcanic centres far away from plate boundaries
Many lie at the end of a chain of extinct volcanic islands and seamounts known as a HOT SPOT TRACK
Hot spot tracks are thought to be the result of plates moving over stationary plumes

31
Q

what is a mineral

A

A mineral is a crystalline, homogenous, inorganic solid with a defined chemical composition that occurs naturally.

32
Q

what structure do minerals have

A

a crystal structure. Their building blocks (atoms, ions, molecules) are arranged in an ordered and repeated pattern.

33
Q

what is a unit cell

A

the smallest unit that still has the full symmetry of the crystal structure of a material.
Repeating the unit cell over and over again forms a crystal.

34
Q

what is a mineraloid.

A

a mineral that doesn’t have a fully crystalline structure can be microcrystalline
or completely without any crystal structure (amorphous)

35
Q

what state are minerals at earths surface

A

solid

36
Q

what is a polymorph

A

minerals with the same
composition but different crystal structure.

37
Q

what is Coordination

A

describes the number of direct neighbours that an atom/ion is bonded to in a crystal structure.

38
Q

what is site

A

space in a crystal lattice that can be occupied by an atom/ion. It is typically named by its coordination.

39
Q

Strunz mineral classes - elements

A

Pure elements, metals often called “native”…
usually bound by metallic (in metals) or covalent bonds

40
Q

Strunz mineral classes - sulphides

A

Minerals that have sulphur as anion

41
Q

Strunz mineral classes - halides

A

Minerals with halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) as anion.

42
Q

Strunz mineral classes - oxides, hydroxides

A

Minerals with oxygen and/or OH as anion.

43
Q

Strunz mineral classes - carbonates

A

with the carbonate ion (CO3)2- as anion.

44
Q

Strunz mineral classes - borates

A

with the borate ion (BO3) as anion.

45
Q

Strunz mineral classes - sulphates

A

with the sulphate ion (SO4)2- as anion.

46
Q

Strunz mineral classes - phosphates

A

with the phosphate ion (PO4)3- as anion.

47
Q

Strunz mineral classes - silicates

A

most common, They all contain a combination of
Si and O as their anions.

ES1001 (1 decks)

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