Dynamic Development: Zambia

Question 1

economic development

Answer 1

Zambia has struggled economically
1970 - global price for copper falls, Zambia borrows money
1980 - life expectancy falls due to HIV/AIDS
1990 - high debts, high food prices & riots
2000 - copper price rises
2006 - IMF provides debt relief
2010 - tourism & farming develops

Question 2

Millennium Development Goals

Answer 2

• eradicate extreme hunger & poverty
  access to water improves, poverty reduced in urban areas, sanitation not improved
• achieve universal primary education
  no. of children in primary school increased
• improve maternal health
  women dying in childbirth fell but still high
• ensure environment sustainability
  deforestation increased but use of hydroelectric power increased

Question 3

what has affected development

Answer 3

political:
- gov able to attract foreign investment
- well-established banks & insurance companies
social:
- largely safe countries with attractive landscapes & popular tourist attractions (e.g Victoria Falls)
environmental:
- rich natural resources e.g copper & semi-precious gemstones
- 4 hydroelectric power stations

Question 4

international trade & reliance on China

Answer 4

• 73% exports are copper totalled to $5.74 billion
• since country relies on exporting copper, they’re vulnerable to changes in global prices (when prices fell in 1970s =, GDP per capita fell)
• China is world’s largest importer of copper
• in 2020 over 600 Chinese companies operated in Zambia
• China invested in hydroelectric damns, railways to improve accessibility since Zambia is landlocked, farms to improve rural area

Question 5

benefits & problems of trade and TNCs for development

Answer 5

• Associated British Foods is TNC in UK bought Zambia sugar
  benefits:
• provides jobs for local population
• workers pay tax so gov is funded to improve healthcare & services
• local economy improves
  problems:
• work may be seasonal - unstable income
• low wages
• profits transferred to other countries so no benefit to local economy

Question 6

advantages & disadvantages of international aid

Answer 6

advantages:
- helps address global inequalities & improves standards of living
- emergency aid helps save lives
disadvantages:
- countries may become dependent on aid
- giving money doesn’t help countries develop their income
- corrupt gov may not spend aid money correctly

Question 7

advantages & disadvantages of top down - Kariba Dam built in 1950s

Answer 7

advantages:
- large amounts of HEP can power copper industry (sustainable)
- tourism & fishing developed around Lake Kariba
- helps improve quality of life
disadvantages:
- people living near dam resettled far away
- farmers resettled to infertile land
- ecosystems destroyed and lost
- dam likely to collapse due to erosion - risk from flooding

Question 8

advantages & disadvantages of bottom up: Room to Read 2007 set up to improve literacy rates & reduce gender inequality

Answer 8

advantages:
- improves literacy rate in local communities
- helps reduce drop-out rates
- improves educational performance of Zambia’s children
- teachers receive better training
disadvantages:
- operates smaller scale so small no. of people helped
- limited by funding of NGO - may rely on volunteers
- can stop if funding withdrawn