dynamic development Flashcards
What is development?
- A state of growth or advancement - when a country is improving
What is economic development?
- A progress in economic growth
e.g. how wealthy a country is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology
What is social development?
- Improvement in people’s standard of living
e.g. better healthcare and access to clean water
What is environmental development?
- Advances in the management and protection of the environment
e.g. reducing pollution and increasing recycling
What are the social measures of development?
- Birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, doctors per 1000
- Literacy rate, access to education
- Quality life
What are the economic measures of development?
- GDP per capita, GNI per capital
- Absolute poverty, relative poverty
- Standard of living
- Employment type
What is gross domestic product (GDP)?
- Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
- Measures wealth
What is GDP per capita?
- The GDP divided by the population of a country
- Measures wealth
What is gross national income (GNI)?
- The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year - includes income from overseas
- measures wealth
What is birth rate?
- The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
- Measures women’s rights
What is death rate?
- The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
- Measures health
What is life expectancy?
- The average age a person can expect to live
- Measures health
What is infant mortality rate?
- The number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born
- Measures health
What is literacy rate?
- The percentage of adults who can read and write
- Measures education
What is the human development index (HDI)?
- The number that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level, and income per head
- Value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)
What is the happy index?
- Calculated by dividing a country’s life expectancy, well-being, and level of inequality by its environmental impact
- Graded good, amber, or red
What is absolute poverty?
- How many people cannot afford basic human needs
i.e. food, safe water, shelter
What is relative poverty?
- Whether people lack an adequate income compared to the society around them
What is an LIDC?
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What is an AC?
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What is and EDC?
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Name the physical factors that affect development
- Poor climate
- Few natural resources
- A poor location
- Lots of natural hazards
How can climate affect development?
- Poor climate means not much will grow
- Reduces the amount of food produced - lead to malnutrition, low quality of life
- Fewer crop to sell - less money to spend on goods and services, lower quality of life
- Government gets less money from taxes - less to spend on developing the country
- Some climates will attract tourism e.g. tropical beaches
How can natural resources affect development?
- Countries without many raw materials make less money - fewer products to sell, less money to spend on development
- A lot of raw materials but aren’t developed - don’t have money to develop infrastructure to exploit them
How can location and terrain affect development?
- In landlocked countries (don’t have a coastline) it’s harder and more expensive to transport goods in and out of the country
- Harder to make money by exporting goods - less to spend on development
- Harder to import goods that might help the country develop
- Attractive, aesthetic scenery will attract tourist income
- Steep, mountainous rocky terrain is more difficult to build on - limits farming
How can natural hazards affect development?
- Cause death, injury, or disruption to humans
- Destroy property
- Spend a lot of money rebuilding after disasters occur
List the human factors that can influence development
- Conflict
- Debt
- Disease
- Politics
- Education
- Trade
- Tourism
- Aid
Define trade
- Trade is the exchange of goods and services
- Countries can import or export goods and services
How can conflict affect development?
- War can slow or reduce levels of development
e.g. health care becomes worse - infant mortality increase - Money is spent on arms and fighting instead of development - people are killed and damage is done to infrastructure and property
- Spend money on repairing damage
How can debt affect development?
- LIDCs often borrow money from other countries and international organisations
e.g. help cope with aftermath of a disaster - Money has to be paid back (with interest) - money country makes can’t be used to develop
How can disease and healthcare affect development?
- In some LIDCs, lack of clean water and poor health care mean that a large number of people suffer from diseases
e.g. malaria and cholera - People who are ill can’t work, not contributing to the economy - need expensive medicine or health care
- Lack of economic contribution and increased spending health care means less money available to spend on development
How can politics affect development?
- Corrupt government hinder development - e.g. taking money that’s intended for building new infrastructure or improving facilities for people
- Prevent a fair election from happening - no chance for a democratically elected government to gain power
- If government is unstable, companies and other countries are unlikely to invest or want to trade - level of development stays low
- If invest in the wrong areas, country won’t develop as quickly
How can education affect development?
- Produces a more skilled workforce - country can produce more goods and offer more services, bring more money into the country through trade or investment
- Educated people earn more - pay more taxes, providing money to spend on development
How can trade affect development?
- Countries that export goods and services of greater value than they import have a trade surplus
- Countries that import goods and services of greater value than they export have a trade deficit
- A trade deficit means a country has less money coming in than out - tends to be poorer
- World trade patterns seriously influence a country’s economy and affect level of development - if country has poor trade links it won’t make money, less to spend on development
- What a country trades affect development - exporting primary is less profitable
How can tourism affect development?
- Can provide increased income as there will be more money entering the country
- Money can be used to increase level of development
How can aid affect development?
- Aid is help given by one country to another
- Aid can be spent on development projects or improving water supplies
- Relying on aid might stop them from developing trade links that could be a better way of developing
What is the purpose of Rostow’s model?
- Predicts how a country’s level of economic development changes over time
- Describes how a country’s economy changes from relying mostly on primary industry, through secondary to tertiary and quaternary.
Describe how the Rostow model works
- As a country progresses through the stages, the people’s standard of living improves
- Stage 1 is the lowest level of development and Stage 5 is the highest
Describe stage 1 of Rostow’s model
- Called traditional society
- Subsistence based - farming, fishing, and forestry
- Little trade
Describe stage 2 of Rostow’s model
- Called preconditions for take-off
- Manufacturing starts to develop
- Infrastructure is built e.g. roads, power networks
- International trading begins
Describe stage 3 of Rostow’s model
- Called take-off
- Rapid intensive growth - large-scale industrialisation
- Increasing wealth
Describe stage 4 of Rostow’s model
- Called drive to maturity
- Economy grows so people get wealthier - standards of living rise
- Widespread use of technology
Describe stage 5 of Rostow’s model
- Called mass consumption
- Lots of trade - goods are mass produced
- People are wealthy, high levels of consumption
Define aid
Name the types of aid
- Top-down
- Bottom-up
- Short-term
- Long-term
- Debt relief
What is top-down aid?
- When an organisation or government receives the aid & decides how it should be spent
What are the advantages of top down aid?
- Often used for large projects
e.g. dams for HEP or irrigation schemes - Can solve large scale problems & improve the lives people
- Projects can improve country’s economy - help long-term development
What are the disadvantages of top-down aid?
- Country may have to pay back the money (if a loan)
- Large projects are often expensive
- May not benefit everyone
e.g. HEP may not supply power to remote areas - If governments are corrupt, may use money for their own purposes - doesn’t help development
What is bottom up aid?
- When money is given directly to local people
e.g. to build or maintain a well
What are the advantages of bottom up aid?
- Local people have a say in how to money will be used - get what they need
- Projects often employ local people - they earn money & learn new skills
What are the disadvantages of bottom up aid?
- Projects may be small-scale - don’t benefit everyone
- Different organisations may not work together - projects may be inefficient
What is short term aid?
- Aid sent to help countries to cope with emergencies
e.g. natural disasters
What are the advantages of short term aid?
- Gives immediate relief - country recovers faster
- Money allocated for development doesn’t have to be used to cope with emergency instead
What are the disadvantages of short term aid?
- Often doesn’t help with longer-term recovery - may restrict further development
e.g. Rebuilding infrastructure - Food aid may limit the price farmers can charge for their crops - income reduced
What is long term aid?
- Aid given over a long period to help countries develop
What are the advantages of long term aid?
- Most projects aim to be sustainable
e.g. helping people meet their own needs - Projects can people’s lives in the long term
- May help to build trade links between the donor and recipient countries
What are the disadvantages of long term aid?
- May make the recipient country dependent on aid
- Aid is sometimes tied - money has to e spent on goods an services from donor country - may be more expensive than from other sources
What is debt relief?
- A country doesn’t have to pay back part or all of the money it has borrowed
What are the advantages of debt relief?
- Frees up money that can be spent on development
- Donor countries can specify how the cancelled debt should be spent
e.g. healthcare or education
What are the disadvantages of debt relief?
- Donor countries may be reluctant to cancel debts for countries with corrupt governments
- Imposing condition can mean that the money isn’t used where most needed
How can trade between and LIDC and other countries help them develop?
- Creating jobs and bringing money into the country - improves people’s standard of living.
- Increasing the amount of money a country has to spend on things like health care and education, and on development projects, such as improving transport infrastructure.
What are the problems with countries relying on trade to help them develop?
- Some LIDCs can’t afford technology to produce goods quickly & cheaply (e.g. agricultural machinery)- means they might not be able to match the prices of other countries.
- Conflict can make the supply of goods unreliable -countries may not have goods to trade.
- In countries where diseases such as HIV/AIDS are a major problem, money spent on treating people - less money to invest in developing trade.
- Trade can have a negative effect on people. E.g. to keep prices low, wages and working conditions may be very poor - increased trade won’t necessarily improve quality of life for everyone.
- LIDCs often export primary products (grain or wood) - don’t create much profit, so they don’t provide much money for development, can also be unreliable
e.g. if crops fail because of drought. - Countries are often dependent on trading one product, e.g. coffee or cotton. - if demand falls, the country’s income can decrease sharply.
What are TNCs?
* TNCs (trans-national companies) are companies that are located in or produce and sell products in more than one country.
E.g. Sony is a TNC - it makes electronic products in China and Japan.
Where are TNC factories usually located?
* TNC factories are usually located in poorer countries because labour is cheaper, and there are fewer environmental and labour regulations, which means they make more profit.
Where are TNC headquarters usually located?
- TNC offices and headquarters are usually located in richer countries because there are more people with administrative skills (because education is better).
How can TNCs help a country’s development?
They can improve the development of countries they work in by transferring jobs, skills and money to less developed countries, reducing the development gap.
What are the advantages of TNCs?
- TNCs create jobs in all the countries they’re located in.
- Employees in poorer countries get a more reliable income compared to jobs like farming
- TNCs spend money to improve the local infrastructure, e.g. airports and roads.
- New technology (e.g. computers) and skills are brought to poorer countries.
What are the disadvantages of TNCs?
- Employees in poorer countries may be paid lower wages than employees in richer countries.
- Employees in poorer countries may have to work long hours in poor conditions.
- Most TNCs come from richer countries so the profits go back there - they aren’t reinvested in the poorer countries the TNC operates in.
- The jobs created in poorer countries aren’t secure - the TNC could relocate the
