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dynamic development Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A
  • A state of growth or advancement - when a country is improving
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2
Q

What is economic development?

A
  • A progress in economic growth
    e.g. how wealthy a country is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology
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3
Q

What is social development?

A
  • Improvement in people’s standard of living
    e.g. better healthcare and access to clean water
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4
Q

What is environmental development?

A
  • Advances in the management and protection of the environment
    e.g. reducing pollution and increasing recycling
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5
Q

What are the social measures of development?

A
  • Birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, doctors per 1000
  • Literacy rate, access to education
  • Quality life
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6
Q

What are the economic measures of development?

A
  • GDP per capita, GNI per capital
  • Absolute poverty, relative poverty
  • Standard of living
  • Employment type
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7
Q

What is gross domestic product (GDP)?

A
  • Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
  • Measures wealth
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8
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A
  • The GDP divided by the population of a country
  • Measures wealth
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9
Q

What is gross national income (GNI)?

A
  • The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year - includes income from overseas
  • measures wealth
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10
Q

What is birth rate?

A
  • The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
  • Measures women’s rights
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11
Q

What is death rate?

A
  • The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
  • Measures health
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12
Q

What is life expectancy?

A
  • The average age a person can expect to live
  • Measures health
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13
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A
  • The number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born
  • Measures health
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14
Q

What is literacy rate?

A
  • The percentage of adults who can read and write
  • Measures education
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15
Q

What is the human development index (HDI)?

A
  • The number that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level, and income per head
  • Value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)
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16
Q

What is the happy index?

A
  • Calculated by dividing a country’s life expectancy, well-being, and level of inequality by its environmental impact
  • Graded good, amber, or red
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17
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A
  • How many people cannot afford basic human needs
    i.e. food, safe water, shelter
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18
Q

What is relative poverty?

A
  • Whether people lack an adequate income compared to the society around them
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19
Q

What is an LIDC?

A

*

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20
Q

What is an AC?

A

*

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21
Q

What is and EDC?

A

*

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22
Q

Name the physical factors that affect development

A
  • Poor climate
  • Few natural resources
  • A poor location
  • Lots of natural hazards
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23
Q

How can climate affect development?

A
  • Poor climate means not much will grow
  • Reduces the amount of food produced - lead to malnutrition, low quality of life
  • Fewer crop to sell - less money to spend on goods and services, lower quality of life
  • Government gets less money from taxes - less to spend on developing the country
  • Some climates will attract tourism e.g. tropical beaches
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24
Q

How can natural resources affect development?

A
  • Countries without many raw materials make less money - fewer products to sell, less money to spend on development
  • A lot of raw materials but aren’t developed - don’t have money to develop infrastructure to exploit them
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25
Q

How can location and terrain affect development?

A
  • In landlocked countries (don’t have a coastline) it’s harder and more expensive to transport goods in and out of the country
  • Harder to make money by exporting goods - less to spend on development
  • Harder to import goods that might help the country develop
  • Attractive, aesthetic scenery will attract tourist income
  • Steep, mountainous rocky terrain is more difficult to build on - limits farming
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26
Q

How can natural hazards affect development?

A
  • Cause death, injury, or disruption to humans
  • Destroy property
  • Spend a lot of money rebuilding after disasters occur
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27
Q

List the human factors that can influence development

A
  • Conflict
  • Debt
  • Disease
  • Politics
  • Education
  • Trade
  • Tourism
  • Aid
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28
Q

Define trade

A
  • Trade is the exchange of goods and services
  • Countries can import or export goods and services
29
Q

How can conflict affect development?

A
  • War can slow or reduce levels of development
    e.g. health care becomes worse - infant mortality increase
  • Money is spent on arms and fighting instead of development - people are killed and damage is done to infrastructure and property
  • Spend money on repairing damage
30
Q

How can debt affect development?

A
  • LIDCs often borrow money from other countries and international organisations
    e.g. help cope with aftermath of a disaster
  • Money has to be paid back (with interest) - money country makes can’t be used to develop
31
Q

How can disease and healthcare affect development?

A
  • In some LIDCs, lack of clean water and poor health care mean that a large number of people suffer from diseases
    e.g. malaria and cholera
  • People who are ill can’t work, not contributing to the economy - need expensive medicine or health care
  • Lack of economic contribution and increased spending health care means less money available to spend on development
32
Q

How can politics affect development?

A
  • Corrupt government hinder development - e.g. taking money that’s intended for building new infrastructure or improving facilities for people
  • Prevent a fair election from happening - no chance for a democratically elected government to gain power
  • If government is unstable, companies and other countries are unlikely to invest or want to trade - level of development stays low
  • If invest in the wrong areas, country won’t develop as quickly
33
Q

How can education affect development?

A
  • Produces a more skilled workforce - country can produce more goods and offer more services, bring more money into the country through trade or investment
  • Educated people earn more - pay more taxes, providing money to spend on development
34
Q

How can trade affect development?

A
  • Countries that export goods and services of greater value than they import have a trade surplus
  • Countries that import goods and services of greater value than they export have a trade deficit
  • A trade deficit means a country has less money coming in than out - tends to be poorer
  • World trade patterns seriously influence a country’s economy and affect level of development - if country has poor trade links it won’t make money, less to spend on development
  • What a country trades affect development - exporting primary is less profitable
35
Q

How can tourism affect development?

A
  • Can provide increased income as there will be more money entering the country
  • Money can be used to increase level of development
36
Q

How can aid affect development?

A
  • Aid is help given by one country to another
  • Aid can be spent on development projects or improving water supplies
  • Relying on aid might stop them from developing trade links that could be a better way of developing
37
Q

What is the purpose of Rostow’s model?

A
  • Predicts how a country’s level of economic development changes over time
  • Describes how a country’s economy changes from relying mostly on primary industry, through secondary to tertiary and quaternary.
38
Q

Describe how the Rostow model works

A
  • As a country progresses through the stages, the people’s standard of living improves
  • Stage 1 is the lowest level of development and Stage 5 is the highest
39
Q

Describe stage 1 of Rostow’s model

A
  • Called traditional society
  • Subsistence based - farming, fishing, and forestry
  • Little trade
40
Q

Describe stage 2 of Rostow’s model

A
  • Called preconditions for take-off
  • Manufacturing starts to develop
  • Infrastructure is built e.g. roads, power networks
  • International trading begins
41
Q

Describe stage 3 of Rostow’s model

A
  • Called take-off
  • Rapid intensive growth - large-scale industrialisation
  • Increasing wealth
42
Q

Describe stage 4 of Rostow’s model

A
  • Called drive to maturity
  • Economy grows so people get wealthier - standards of living rise
  • Widespread use of technology
43
Q

Describe stage 5 of Rostow’s model

A
  • Called mass consumption
  • Lots of trade - goods are mass produced
  • People are wealthy, high levels of consumption
44
Q

Define aid

A
45
Q

Name the types of aid

A
  • Top-down
  • Bottom-up
  • Short-term
  • Long-term
  • Debt relief
46
Q

What is top-down aid?

A
  • When an organisation or government receives the aid & decides how it should be spent
47
Q

What are the advantages of top down aid?

A
  • Often used for large projects
    e.g. dams for HEP or irrigation schemes
  • Can solve large scale problems & improve the lives people
  • Projects can improve country’s economy - help long-term development
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of top-down aid?

A
  • Country may have to pay back the money (if a loan)
  • Large projects are often expensive
  • May not benefit everyone
    e.g. HEP may not supply power to remote areas
  • If governments are corrupt, may use money for their own purposes - doesn’t help development
49
Q

What is bottom up aid?

A
  • When money is given directly to local people
    e.g. to build or maintain a well
50
Q

What are the advantages of bottom up aid?

A
  • Local people have a say in how to money will be used - get what they need
  • Projects often employ local people - they earn money & learn new skills
51
Q

What are the disadvantages of bottom up aid?

A
  • Projects may be small-scale - don’t benefit everyone
  • Different organisations may not work together - projects may be inefficient
52
Q

What is short term aid?

A
  • Aid sent to help countries to cope with emergencies
    e.g. natural disasters
53
Q

What are the advantages of short term aid?

A
  • Gives immediate relief - country recovers faster
  • Money allocated for development doesn’t have to be used to cope with emergency instead
54
Q

What are the disadvantages of short term aid?

A
  • Often doesn’t help with longer-term recovery - may restrict further development
    e.g. Rebuilding infrastructure
  • Food aid may limit the price farmers can charge for their crops - income reduced
55
Q

What is long term aid?

A
  • Aid given over a long period to help countries develop
56
Q

What are the advantages of long term aid?

A
  • Most projects aim to be sustainable
    e.g. helping people meet their own needs
  • Projects can people’s lives in the long term
  • May help to build trade links between the donor and recipient countries
57
Q

What are the disadvantages of long term aid?

A
  • May make the recipient country dependent on aid
  • Aid is sometimes tied - money has to e spent on goods an services from donor country - may be more expensive than from other sources
58
Q

What is debt relief?

A
  • A country doesn’t have to pay back part or all of the money it has borrowed
59
Q

What are the advantages of debt relief?

A
  • Frees up money that can be spent on development
  • Donor countries can specify how the cancelled debt should be spent
    e.g. healthcare or education
60
Q

What are the disadvantages of debt relief?

A
  • Donor countries may be reluctant to cancel debts for countries with corrupt governments
  • Imposing condition can mean that the money isn’t used where most needed
61
Q

How can trade between and LIDC and other countries help them develop?

A
  • Creating jobs and bringing money into the country - improves people’s standard of living.
  • Increasing the amount of money a country has to spend on things like health care and education, and on development projects, such as improving transport infrastructure.
62
Q

What are the problems with countries relying on trade to help them develop?

A
  • Some LIDCs can’t afford technology to produce goods quickly & cheaply (e.g. agricultural machinery)- means they might not be able to match the prices of other countries.
  • Conflict can make the supply of goods unreliable -countries may not have goods to trade.
  • In countries where diseases such as HIV/AIDS are a major problem, money spent on treating people - less money to invest in developing trade.
  • Trade can have a negative effect on people. E.g. to keep prices low, wages and working conditions may be very poor - increased trade won’t necessarily improve quality of life for everyone.
  • LIDCs often export primary products (grain or wood) - don’t create much profit, so they don’t provide much money for development, can also be unreliable
    e.g. if crops fail because of drought.
  • Countries are often dependent on trading one product, e.g. coffee or cotton. - if demand falls, the country’s income can decrease sharply.
63
Q

What are TNCs?

A

* TNCs (trans-national companies) are companies that are located in or produce and sell products in more than one country.
E.g. Sony is a TNC - it makes electronic products in China and Japan.

64
Q

Where are TNC factories usually located?

A

* TNC factories are usually located in poorer countries because labour is cheaper, and there are fewer environmental and labour regulations, which means they make more profit.

65
Q

Where are TNC headquarters usually located?

A
  • TNC offices and headquarters are usually located in richer countries because there are more people with administrative skills (because education is better).
66
Q

How can TNCs help a country’s development?

A

They can improve the development of countries they work in by transferring jobs, skills and money to less developed countries, reducing the development gap.

67
Q

What are the advantages of TNCs?

A
  • TNCs create jobs in all the countries they’re located in.
  • Employees in poorer countries get a more reliable income compared to jobs like farming
  • TNCs spend money to improve the local infrastructure, e.g. airports and roads.
  • New technology (e.g. computers) and skills are brought to poorer countries.
68
Q

What are the disadvantages of TNCs?

A
  • Employees in poorer countries may be paid lower wages than employees in richer countries.
  • Employees in poorer countries may have to work long hours in poor conditions.
  • Most TNCs come from richer countries so the profits go back there - they aren’t reinvested in the poorer countries the TNC operates in.
  • The jobs created in poorer countries aren’t secure - the TNC could relocate the

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