dwr Flashcards
What is the title of the GCSE History topic covered?
Depression, War and Recovery, 1930-1951
What should you do for Question 1?
Focus on the sources provided and answer based on their content.
What is the structure for answering Question 2?
Use CCAJ (Content, Context, Accuracy & Judgement) to evaluate Source C.
What should you include in your answer for Question 3?
Discuss the significance of the factors related to the question, supporting with your own knowledge.
How many factors should you choose for Question 4?
Choose any 3 of the 4 factors and identify links between them.
What is the focus of Question 5?
Analyze the interpretation, providing support and discussing other interpretations.
What is one piece of revision advice?
Start your revision early and learn the revision booklets inside-out.
What was the main trigger of the Great Depression?
The Wall Street Crash in 1929.
What was one long-term cause of the Depression in Britain?
The decline in heavy industry due to increased competition.
What effect did the Wall Street Crash have on the UK economy?
It led to a significant economic slump in Britain.
What was the unemployment rate in Britain by 1933?
Unemployment rose to 2.5 million, which was 25 percent of the workforce.
What was the Means Test introduced in 1931?
A system to assess whether families were entitled to unemployment benefits.
What was the impact of the Jarrow March in 1936?
It gained publicity but had little impact on government action.
What was a common dietary issue during the Depression?
Many families had an inadequate diet, spending very little on food.
How did unemployment affect women during the Depression?
Women often made sacrifices, eating smaller portions and neglecting their health.
What was the government response to rising unemployment?
The government raised income tax and cut unemployment pay by 10 percent.
What were the conditions for women during childbirth in Wales during the Depression?
The figures for deaths in childbirth and women’s illnesses were higher in Wales than in the rest of Britain. Providing basics like milk and nappies was difficult, often replaced with sugar water and old newspapers.
What employment opportunities did women seek during the Depression?
Many women sought employment in domestic service or as shop assistants, often receiving lower wages than males.
How did means testing affect women’s employment during the Depression?
Women’s employment could jeopardize any dole the husband might receive due to means testing.
What was the death rate for women aged 15 to 35 in areas of high unemployment between 1931 and 1935?
The death rate was more than double in areas of high unemployment compared to other areas.
What was the trend of emigration from Wales during the 1920s and 1930s?
Thousands of unemployed workers and their families moved from Wales to more prosperous areas such as the Midlands and south-east England.
What was the impact of popular entertainment during the Depression?
People turned to accessible forms of entertainment to cope with the effects of the Depression, raising morale and offering escapism.
How did radio become popular in Britain during the Depression?
By 1937, half the households in Britain had a radio, aided by the establishment of a Welsh region of the BBC in 1937.
What role did cinema play in society during the 1930s?
Cinema was a popular form of entertainment, with over 320 cinemas in Wales by the mid-1930s, providing an escape from the realities of the Depression.
What was significant about the film ‘The Proud Valley’?
It was filmed on location in South Wales in 1939 and starred Paul Robeson, telling the story of a black American miner and singer.
What sports gained popularity during the Depression?
Rugby union, cricket, and boxing became popular pastimes, with notable events such as the Welsh rugby team’s victories and Tommy Farr’s boxing matches.
What was the Special Areas Act of 1934?
It aimed to provide help for areas worst hit by the Depression, overseeing grants to encourage companies to move into special areas.
What were some benefits for affluent people during the Depression?
Affluent individuals benefited from hire purchase schemes, falling prices, and improvements at work, leading to increased luxury consumption.
What was the significance of the increase in car ownership during the 1930s?
There was a huge increase in car ownership, with 2.2 million cars sold in 1938, reflecting improved consumer access to goods.
What was the contrast between older industrial regions and areas of greater employment?
Older industrial regions like Wales suffered economically, while areas benefiting from new light industries saw improved housing and employment.
What were the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany was blamed for the war, required to pay reparations, and faced military restrictions, among other terms.
What was the League of Nations?
Created in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles, it aimed to promote cooperation and peace between countries.
What was the impact of Hitler’s rise to power on Germany’s foreign policy?
Hitler’s foreign policy aimed to reverse the Treaty of Versailles, build military strength, and expand German territory.
What was Britain’s policy of appeasement?
Neville Chamberlain’s policy aimed to avoid war through negotiation and giving in to Hitler’s territorial demands.
What was the Munich Agreement?
The Munich Agreement allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, which Chamberlain hoped would satisfy Hitler’s demands.
What was the outcome of the Anschluss?
German troops crossed into Austria in 1938 with no resistance, successfully unifying Germany and Austria.
What was the significance of the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
The pact between Germany and the Soviet Union in August 1939 allowed Hitler to invade Poland without fear of Soviet intervention.
What was the last demand of Hitler in Europe?
It was the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939.
What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
An agreement announced in August 1939 between Germany and the Soviet Union.
When did Hitler order the invasion of Poland?
On 1 September 1939.
What ultimatum did Britain send to Germany?
An ultimatum that expired at 11am on 3 September 1939.
What was the ‘phoney war’?
A period of six months after the declaration of war in September 1939 with no military action.
How did Britain prepare for war before 1939?
By building warships, informing the public about rationing, blackouts, gas masks, and organizing a Ministry of Supply.
What was the state of the Royal Navy before the war?
The Royal Navy was the organization best prepared for war.
What was the condition of the Royal Air Force (RAF) before the war?
The RAF was well-trained with good aircraft, but its bombers were not modern.
What was the Home Guard?
A volunteer force operational from 1940 to 1944 to defend British towns and cities.
What was the purpose of radar during the war?
To detect enemy aircraft and guide defending fighters towards their targets.
What was conscription?
The compulsory enlistment of people into the armed forces.
What were reserved occupations?
Jobs exempt from conscription to ensure essential services continued.
What was the German military strategy during the invasion of Poland?
The use of Blitzkrieg, combining air power and armored tanks.
What was the significance of the Dunkirk evacuation?
It allowed many British forces to escape and fight another day.
What was the Battle of Britain?
A battle for air supremacy between the RAF and the Luftwaffe.
What was the Blitz?
A period of intense bombing of British cities by the Luftwaffe.
What were Anderson shelters?
Shelters provided to families to protect against bombings.
How many gas masks were issued by the British government by 1940?
38 million gas masks.
What was the purpose of blackouts during the war?
To prevent light from being visible to German bombers at night.
What were barrage balloons?
Balloons placed in the sky to deter low-flying German bombers.
What was the impact of the Luftwaffe’s bombing on London?
London was bombed every night from 7 September to 2 November, resulting in over 15,000 deaths.
What was the evacuation plan initiated by the government?
To move vulnerable people, especially children, from cities to safer areas.
What was rationing during the war?
The controlled distribution of food and goods to prevent shortages.
How did rationing affect people’s diets?
It improved diets for many as it encouraged healthier eating habits.
What was the role of women during the Second World War?
Women were called to contribute to the war effort through various roles including evacuation and factory work.
What was the Women’s Land Army?
An organization formed to enlist women to work in agriculture during the war.
What was the role of women in 1939 during the war?
Women worked hard in isolated communities, often in old farm cottages without modern amenities. They prepared the land for sowing by hand, especially during harsh winters.
What happened in 1943 regarding women’s work in factories?
Due to shortages, women were not allowed to join the armed forces and had to choose between working on land or in factories.
What was the significance of the Women’s Voluntary Service (WVS)?
The WVS provided refreshments to firefighters after bombing raids and helped those who lost homes. By 1943, it had one million members, mostly elderly.
What was the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS)?
The ATS allowed women to join the army, where they wore khaki uniforms and performed various support roles, such as driving and maintenance.
What was the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF)?
The WAAF allowed women to serve in the Royal Air Force, performing roles similar to the ATS but with opportunities for more exciting work, like operating radar.
What was the role of women as secret agents during the war?
Women in the SOE were parachuted into occupied France for dangerous missions to support the Allies for the Normandy landings.
Who were the famous female entertainers of the war?
Vera Lynn and Gracie Fields were notable entertainers, with Lynn known as the ‘Forces Sweetheart’ for her uplifting songs.
What was the significance of women during the Second World War?
By May 1945, there were 460,000 women in the military and over 6.5 million in civilian roles, crucial for the war effort.
What was the Age of Austerity?
Post-war Britain faced economic challenges, with high national debt and continued rationing, despite full employment and optimism for the future.
What challenges did demobilisation present in 1945?
Demobilisation involved reintegrating 5 million military personnel into civilian life, facing issues like destroyed homes and high divorce rates.
What were the economic impacts of war damage?
Britain’s economy declined, with food shortages and rationing continuing, and significant loss of wealth due to war expenses.
What was the outcome of the 1945 General Election?
Labour secured a landslide victory, surprising many who expected Churchill’s Conservative Party to win due to his wartime popularity.
Who were the two leading parties in the 1945 election?
Clement Attlee’s Labour Party and Winston Churchill’s Conservative Party.
What was surprising about the 1945 election result?
Despite Churchill’s popularity as a wartime leader, Labour secured a landslide victory.
What mood did the British people have leading up to the 1945 election?
They wished to see a period of change and believed Labour would bring a break from the 1930s Depression.
What campaign flaw did the Conservatives have in the 1945 election?
They focused on Churchill’s World War Two role, failing to appeal to voters wanting to move on from the war.
What slogan did the Conservatives use that did not ease voter fears?
Help him finish the ‘job’.
What did Labour promise to embrace in their campaign?
The Beveridge Report.
What were the five giants identified in the Beveridge Report?
Want, disease, ignorance, squalor, and idleness.
What was the aim of establishing a welfare state after World War Two?
To provide a safety net from the cradle to the grave.
What did the 1944 Education Act accomplish?
Set the school-leaving age at 15 and introduced free secondary schools.
What was the purpose of the 1945 Family Allowances Act?
To provide financial support for parents with children.
What did the 1946 National Insurance Act provide?
Unemployment pay, sick pay, maternity benefit, and old age pensions.
What significant reform did Aneurin Bevan introduce?
The National Health Service (NHS).
What was a major success of the NHS?
Life expectancy increased by 10 years for both men and women between 1931 and 1961.
What issue did the NHS face initially?
Not all doctors supported it, preferring to remain in private practice.
What was the aim of the ‘Homes for All’ policy?
To improve housing and reduce squalor.
How many new homes were built between 1946 and 1951?
Over 1.2 million new homes.
What was the goal of nationalisation under the Labour government?
To put control of key industries in the hands of the people.
What were some successes of the nationalisation policy?
Improved working conditions and increased output in several industries.
What were some criticisms of the nationalisation policy?
It was seen as protecting declining industries at a high cost.
What was the overall reaction to the Labour government’s reforms?
Mixed; some reforms were seen as successes while others were viewed as failures.
What challenges did Labour face after their reforms?
Narrowly winning the 1950 election and ongoing rationing of goods.
What happened in the October 1951 election?
The Conservatives won with Winston Churchill returning as Prime Minister.
