Dumb Ass Quiz ❤️ Flashcards
Water structure:
Water is made up of one oxygen and two hydrogens. They are connected by covalent bonds (shared electrons)
Water polarity:
Water is polar. The shared elections are pulled to the center of the oxygen, making it partially negatively charged. The hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged, this makes them stick together through hydrogen bonds. The difference in charge is called “polarity”
Water cohesion:
Water is cohesive. Cohesion is the attraction between the same type of molecules. The polarity in water causes high cohesion. This gives the water surface tension, allowing it to resist external forces.
Water adhesion:
Water is adhesive. Adhesion is attraction between different types of molecules. Water is very attracted to other charged molecules. Glass is more polar than water, so water is very attracted to it. The reaction allows water to “climb” up thin glass tubes, which is known as capillary action.
Water density:
When water is frozen, the molecules form a crystalline structure. This means ice is LESS dense than liquid water, which is why it floats on top.
Water solvency:
Water is solvent, which means it can dissolve many polar and ionic substances. Water dissolves many nutrients and minerals as it travels through the water cycle. It also acts as an important solvent in the cytoplasm of cells for metabolic reactions.
Water vaporization:
To vaporize water, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules must be broken.
Water heat capacity:
Water has a high heat capacity, which means it takes a lot of heat energy to raise its temperature. This means water can act as a buffer for changes in temperature.
Water significance:
Water is the basic necessity for the functioning of all life forms that exist on earth. It is safe to say that water is the reason behind earth being the only planet to support life. This universal solvent is one of the major resources we have on this planet. It is impossible for life to function without water.
Fatty acids:
Fatty acids are a component of many lipids. They consist of a carboxyl group joined to a hydrocarbon chain of variable length. They can be saturated or unsaturated.
Saturated: No double C = C bonds
Unsaturated: At least one double bond
- Saturated 2. Unsaturated (trans) 3. Unsaturated (cis)
Triglycerides:
Triglycerides are used as a long-term store of energy. They are stored in the body as fat, which is good for insulation in cold habitats. They are also insoluble in water, so they don’t affect a cell’s water potential.
Structure:
Glycerol + fatty acid ×3 in an Esther bond.
Phospholipids:
Phospholipids make up the cell/plasma membrane of cells. They form a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails facing inwards and the hydrophilic heads facing outwards.
Hydrophobic: Water hating
Hydrophilic: Water loving
Phospholipid structure:
PO⁴ + Glycerol + fatty acid ×2
Waxes and steroids:
Waxes are long-chain hydrocarbons. They are water repellent and solid at room temperature. Plants use wax in their leaves to prevent water loss, and some animals use wax to protect their ears. Bees use wax to build honeycomb.
Steroids have a basic structure of 4 carbon rings. They are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Steroids make up the basis of most hormones. (Ex. Estrogen and testosterone)
Cholesterol:
Cholesterol is a type of steroid and is a key component of cell membranes. However, too much bad cholesterol can damage the body.
LDL cholesterol: Low-density lipoprotein = bad cholesterol
HDL cholesterol: High-density lipoprotein = good cholesterol
Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates contain the elements Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen. The function of carbohydrates is to store and release energy in the body.
Monosaccharides:
Mono = One
Saccharide = Sugar
Monosaccharides are simple sugars. The most common is glucose. Others include fructose and galactose.
Monomers and polymers:
Monomers are single molecules that can link together to form polymers.
Disaccharides:
Di = Two
Saccharides = Sugars
Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides link together in a dehydration synthesis reaction.
Glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
Dehydration synthesis:
The removal of a water molecule to create longer molecules.
Hydrolysis:
Hydro = Water
Lysis = breaking
Hydrolysis is the addition of a water molecule to break bonds, forming shorter molecules. Glycogen is broken down into glucose in this way.
Polysaccharides:
Poly = Many
Saccharides = sugars
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds. They also form by dehydration synthesis.
(Polysaccharides: Amylopectin, Amylase, Cellulose, Glycogen)
Carbon properties:
catenation (ability to make long carbon chains and rings) and multiple bond formation; because of these properties, it has a number of allotropic forms.
Why is carbon the basis of life?:
Life on earth would not be possible without carbon. This is in part due to carbon’s ability to readily form bonds with other atoms, giving flexibility to the form and function that biomolecules can take, such as DNA and RNA, which are essential for the defining characteristics of life: growth and replication.
