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BIOC212 > Duchaine > Flashcards

Duchaine Flashcards

1
Q

the last step of the

biosynthesis of Cholesterol occurs by

A

reduction by

NADPH

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2
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Commonly
used to add 2 carbons to
biomolecules (e.g. A.A.s)

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3
Q

Condensation vs Hydrolysis

A

Condensation produces H2O and is energetically unfavourable

Hydrolysis requires H2O and is energetically favourable

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4
Q

Examples of condensation reactions

A

polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins

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5
Q

Examples of hydrolysis reactions

A

ATP to AMP

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6
Q

Stepwise oxidation of sugar in cells

What happens to energy

A

small activation energies overcome at body temperature owing to the presence of enzymes

activated carrier molecules store energy

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7
Q

direct burning of sugar

What happens to energy

A

large activation energy overcome by the heat from a fire

all free energy is released as heat; none is stored

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8
Q

glycolysis molecules

A
  • one molecule of glucose
  • fructose 1,6-biphosphate
  • two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
  • two molecules of pyruvate
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9
Q

One molecule of glucose

A

two molecules of pyruvate

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10
Q

Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase

A

reverses the activation of

Fructose 6-phosphate, hence creating an apparently ‘futile cycle’

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11
Q

Glycolysis net products,

A

2 molecules of NADH and 2 of ATP and 2 pyruvate

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12
Q

hexokinase

A

The phosphorylation of glucose at position 6 in glycolysis

glucose + ATP to glucose 6-phosphate +ADP

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13
Q

phosphoglocose

isomerase

A

the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phospate

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14
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate

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15
Q

aldolase

A

the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by aldolase. This yields two different
products, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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16
Q

triose phosphate isomerase

A

the isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to another molecule of
glyceraldehyde phosphate

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17
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

the dehydrogenation and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

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18
Q

phosphoglycerate kinase

A

the transfer of the 1-phosphate group from 1,3-bis-phosphoglycerate to ADP to yield ATP, which yields 3-phosphoglycerate

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19
Q

phosphoglycerate

mutase

A

the isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

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20
Q

enolase

A

the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate

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21
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

the transfer of the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, to yield another ATP

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22
Q

From the pyruvate and NADH produced what can be excreted

A

fermentation leading to lactate by NAD+ regeneration

fermentation leading to excretion of alcohol (ethanol) and CO2

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23
Q

Hydrolysis of stored fat results in

A

fatty acids, glycerol

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24
Q

fatty acids being oxidized results in

A

ATP and CO2

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25
Q

Fatty acids and sugars are all converted into

A

acetyl CoA

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26
Q

One turn of the Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle) produces

A

three NADH, One GTP, and one FADH2, two molecules of CO2

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27
Q

Fad to FADH2

A

2H and 2e-

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28
Q

Mitochondria vs chloroplast

A

mitochondria –> outer, inner, membrane, intermembrane space, matrix space

chloroplast –> outer, inner, membrane, intermembrane space, stoma, thylakoid membrane, thylakoid space

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29
Q

How is hydrogen moved across the membrane

A

high enegy electron to a low energy electron and the hydrogen is moved

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30
Q

What follows glycolysis?

A

kreb cycle

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31
Q

Where does the Krebs (Citric acid) cycle occur?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

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32
Q

How does the Krebs (Citric acid) cycle start?

A

Starts by the coupling of two carbons carried by AcetylCoa, generating Citric acid (6 carbons) from
Oxaloacetate (4 carbons).

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33
Q

Carbons in Citric acid

A

6 carbons

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34
Q

Carbons in Oxaloacetate

A

4 carbons

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35
Q

What happens to citric acid? why?

A

Citric acid is progressively oxidized to yield high-energy

activated carriers, and regenerate Oxaloacetate.

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36
Q

Each citric acid cycle yeilds

A

Each cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP, and 2

CO2 (waste).

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37
Q

Does the citric acid cycle require oxygen?

A

Requires Oxygen

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38
Q

Density gradient centrifugation on mitochondria

A

seperates the layers, inner membrane, outer membrane, and matrix

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39
Q

Where is the cardiolipins

A

rich in Inner membrane

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40
Q

Combustion

A

H2+1/2O2 = H2O

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41
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

ADP to ATP while NADH to NAD+

42
Q

Electron transport

A

drive pump that pymps protons across membrane

43
Q

Where does electrons from through?

A

HNADH dehydrogenase complex, cytochrome b-c1 complex, cytochromo oxidase complax

44
Q

The electron transport carriers

A

Composed of more than 15 electron carriers

(>60proteins) embedded within the inner membrane

45
Q

What does the electron transport allow for

A

Sequential changes in conformation permit the

translocation of protons across the membrane

46
Q

What does the electron transport utilize

A

Utilize Heme groups, Ubiquinone, Iron-Sulfur centres,

and copper atoms to ‘handle’ the electrons.

47
Q

How do electrons move in electron tranport chain

A

The electrons move from one carrier to another, going
from an high energy state, to the lowest energy state
(towards greater redox potential)

48
Q

End point of electron tranport chain

A

• The end point is the reduction of Oxygen into H20

49
Q

Confomation A, B, and C, affinity for hydorgens

A

A - high affinity for H+
B - high affinity as H is bound
C- low infinity as H+ is released

50
Q

In normal conditions what happens to the a,b,c,d units to produce O2

A

partially oxidized

51
Q

In anaerobic conditions what happens to the a,b,c,d units to produce O2

A

fully reduced

52
Q

An electrochemical proton

gradient

A

High positive and hydrogen concentration in intermembrane space

low hydorgen and high negative charge in matrix

53
Q

What does the voltage gradient in inner membrane drive?

A

ADP-ATP exchange

54
Q

What does the pH gradient in inner membrane drive?

A

pyruvate import

55
Q

Voltaic membrane difference

A

180 to 190 mV

56
Q

pH osmotic membrane difference

A

0.5 pH units

57
Q

What does the work to pump protons across inner membrane of the mitco

A

Electrons in Chemio-Osmotic coupling

58
Q

In Chemio-Osmotic coupling what donates the electrons

A

NADH and FADH2

59
Q

The energy stored within this gradient is used to

A

ATP: Oxidative phosphorylation

by the FoF1 ATP synthetase complex

60
Q

ATP per NADH

A

2.5

61
Q

ATP per FADH2

A

1.5
FADH2 gives its electrons lower in the ETC, lower
yield

62
Q

ATP per glucose

A

–Under normoxic conditions,

the TOTAL YIELD of ATP per glucose =30ATP

63
Q

Oxidized form
Reduced form

NADP/NADPH

A

Oxidized form- NADP

Reduced form- NADPH

64
Q

What is required in oplymerization reacrion?

A

one packet of energy is not sufficient for the polymerization reaction and therefore the chemistry that’s involved actually burns both bonds that are invested in phosphate

65
Q

maximize the flow of energy by

A

stepwise oxidation with stored energy in activayted carriers

66
Q

How is the PFK regulated by GDP

A

allostericallly

67
Q

ATP and AMP levels on PFK and fructose 1,6, biphosphate

A

PFK inhibited by ATP

F16BP inhibited by AMP

68
Q

What drives the entire reaction glycolysis

A

pyrvuvate kinase

transfer of one phosphate to ADP to form ATP

most others are in equilibrium

69
Q

ATP in glycolysis

Invested
Produced
Net

A

2
4
+2

70
Q

What forms a bond with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

covalent bond to SH group of a cysteine side chain of enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

also forms noncovalent to NAD+

71
Q

What happens to thioester bond?

A

oxidation and phosphate displaces forming 1-3 bisphosphooglycerate

72
Q

What happens in the final step of 7?

A

high energy bond to phosphate is transferred to ADP forming ATP and 3-phosphoglyerate

73
Q

Summary of steps 6 and 7 in terms of molecular shapes

A

aldehyde to a carboxylic acid with NADH and ATP produced

  • OXIDATION OF SINGLE BOND
74
Q

IS STEP 6 AND 7 favoured

A

energetically favoured

75
Q

creatine phosphate

A

restore ATP

76
Q

Purpose of fermentation

A

quick ATP generation

77
Q

How do animals generate ATP such as gold fish

A

use pyruvate and covert tp acetaldehyde producing NAD+ and CO2/ethanol

78
Q

Convertion of pyruvate to acetyl coA

A

produces NADH

79
Q

oxidation of fatty acids form

A

ATP and CO2

80
Q

What comes out of a fatty acetyl CoA?

A

get rid of 2 carbons

produces NADH and FADH2 and one acetyl CoA

81
Q

18C fatty acetyl Coa produces how many

Acetyl CoAs
Cycles
NADH
FADH2

A

9
8
24
8

82
Q

what is better source of energy?

A

fatty acids but slower

83
Q

What drives NADH to NAD and the electrons to ATP

A

O2

oxidative phosphorylation

84
Q

Net products from one glucose molecule in mitochondria

A

2 pyruvate –> 8 NADH +2 FADH2 +2 GTO

85
Q

Net products from one fatty acid molecule in mitochondria

A

8 acetyl Coa + 1 palmitoyl CoA –> 31 NADH +15 FADH2 + 8 GTP

86
Q

The flow of electrons throgh ETC

A

NADH to NAD+ as the electrons move through NADH dehydrogenase complex as H+ is pumped into intermembrane space

Hydrogen is pumped into intermembrane space through cytochrome b-c1 complex and electrons move into cytochrome oxidase complex

in cytochrome oxidase complex the Hydrogen is pumped across and 2H combine with 2 e- and 1/2 O2 to form an H2O

87
Q

Free energy in each of the complex

NADH dehydrogenase complex

cytochrome b-c1 complex

cytochrome oxidase complex

A

highest to lowest free energy per electron

88
Q

Cytochrome c and ubiquinone purpose

A

handle electrons and hand them over

89
Q

Where is hydrogen being pumped in the ETC

A

matrix to intermembrane space

90
Q

Electron path

A

NADH dehydrogenase to ubiquinone to cytochrome b-c1 complex to cytochrome c to cytochrome oxidase complex

91
Q

How many electrons are put into the ETC by NADH

A

2

92
Q

Electron transport is coupled with

A

hydrogen transport to change charge back to normal

93
Q

fully reduced ubiquinone

A

contains 2 e- and 2 H+

94
Q

Heme purpose

A

they are reduced and oxidized in generally increasing reduction potentials to transfer four electrons ultimately to reduce O2

95
Q

how many electrons at once entering from cytochrome c

A

4 which produce two h2Os

96
Q

What are some electron handlers

A

heme groups, ubiquinone, iron-sulfur centers, and cooper atoms

97
Q

What will increase in anaerobic conditions?

A

lactate and (CO2 and other things in gold fish)

98
Q

How is hydrogen enter the matrix

A

Hydrogen gradient by ATP synthesis

by ATP synthase and converts ADP to ATP

99
Q

How can H+ gradient be regenerated

A

by H+ pump using ATP to burn and produce gradient

ATP hydorlysis

100
Q

Purpose of ETC in bacteria

A

flagellum to move around the Cecelia

101
Q

Where do food molecules come from?

A

cytosol

102
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

matrix

BIOC212 (7 decks)

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