Duan: Pharm Control of Pain and Inflammation Flashcards
What is the method of action of aspirin?
covalently and irreversibly modifies COX1 and COX2 by acetylating serine 5-30 and preventing arachidonic acid from binding
Which COX pathway does aspirin block? Why is this important?
Both COX 1 and COX2; causes both a clinical and an adverse effect
Aspirin can inhibit (blank) production, which suppresses platelet adhesion and aggregation. This is why aspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet agent for both the management of acut ischemic stroke and for prevention of stroke.
thromboxane A2
In what types of patients is use of salicylates contraindicated in?
patients with bleeding disorders
Salicylates are not recommended in pregnant women. What two things can they cause?
postpartum hemorrhage
premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus
The effects of aspirin are (blank) dependent
dose-dependent
What effects does a low dose of aspirin have?
What effects does an intermediate dose have?
What effects does a high dose have?
blocks platelet aggregation;
antipyretic, analgesic;
anti-inflammatory
5 clinical uses of aspirin
- fever
- pain (mild-to-moderate)
- rheumatic fever
- inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, pericarditis)
- lower doses can reduce the risk of death from a heart attack or risk of stroke
What’s considered a low dose of aspirin? What’s a high dose?
low is less than 300 mg/day
high is 2400-4000 mg/day
What type of acids are salicylates? What’s the pKa?
weak organic acids; pKa of 3.5
Salicylates are rapidly absorbed from the stomach as well as the intestine where the pH is (blank) and favors (blank)
low; absorption
At low and moderate doses of salicylate, what “order” elimination is occurring? At what total body salicylate concentration does elimination become zero order?!
1st order; >3.5g/day or 600mg
How would you get aspirin out in the urine after an overdose?
give a base to raise the urine pH above 8, so that clearance is increased by 4 fold
What is the plasma half-life of salicylate? The half-life is dose dependent, though.
If dose is 300-650, what is the half-life?
If dose is 1g, what is the half-life?
If dose is 2g, what is the half-life?
If high dose (>3.5g/day) or overdose, what is the half-life?
~15 minutes; 3.1 to 3.2 hours; 5 hours 9 hours 15 HOURS!!!
why is admin of aspirin dose-dependent?
enzymes for glycine and glucuronide conjugation become saturated, so drug cannot be effectively eliminated
What is the difference between first order and zero order elimination?
Zero order elimination: fixed elimination - the same amount is eliminated, regardless of dose.
First order: with more drug plasma, there is faster elimination.
3 phases of inflammation
- acute
- subacute or delayed
- chronic proliferative
What phase of inflammation is described:
vasodilation and capillary permeability
acute
What phase of inflammation is described:
infiltration of leukocytes and phagocytes
subacute/delayed
What phase of inflammation is described:
tissues regeneration and fibrosis
chronic proliferative
List 5 symptoms of inflammation
- redness
- heat
- pain
- swelling
- loss of function
Characterized by inflammatory changes and symptoms (pain, heat, redness, and swelling) and subsequent tissue damage with atrophy and rarefaction of the bones. In late stages, deformity and ankylosis develop.
arthritic disorders
Causes of arthritic disorders are complex and usually cannot be cured. What is the goal of treatment?
relieve inflammation control pain improve function prevent further joint damage improve quality of life
In the inflammatory cascade, what activates the adaptive or innate immune system? Both of these result in leukocyte and endothelial cell activation. What do these go on to activate? What does this lead to?
a perceived threat, infection, or tissue injury;
biochemical inflammatory mediators;
inflammation