Dual Process Model Flashcards
What is the Dual Process Model (DPM)?
A framework explaining that humans use two types of thinking: System 1 (intuitive) and System 2 (rational).
Who proposed the Dual Process Model and when?
Wason & Evans in 1975.
What is System 1 (S1) thinking?
Fast, automatic, intuitive thinking based on heuristics and past experience. Prone to bias and error.
What are examples of S1 thinking?
Choosing a pizza topping, quickly crossing the road, automatic driving.
What is System 2 (S2) thinking?
Slow, effortful, rational thinking that involves analytical processing and higher cognitive effort.
What are examples of S2 thinking?
Buying a house, preparing for a job interview, learner driving.
What is the main difference between S1 and S2 thinking?
S1 is fast and automatic; S2 is slow and analytical.
Do S1 and S2 work independently?
No, they interact. S2 may override S1 depending on context.
What was the aim of Alter et al. (2007)?
To test if disfluent fonts trigger S2 thinking by requiring more cognitive effort.
What was the result of Alter et al. (2007)?
Participants using disfluent fonts answered more questions correctly, suggesting S2 thinking.
What was the aim of Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016)?
To test if empathy is linked to S1 or S2 thinking.
What was the result of Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016)?
Participants with high CRT scores (S2 thinkers) showed greater empathy accuracy.
What is one strength of the DPM?
It provides a valid and applicable explanation of different thinking types (e.g. fast vs. slow).
What is one weakness of the DPM?
It struggles to explain how S1 and S2 interact, and is hard to operationalize.
What is a strength of Alter et al. (2007)?
Used suitable CRT questions and measured quantitative data for validity.
What is a limitation of Alter et al. (2007)?
Small, elite university sample and possible demand characteristics.
What is a strength of Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016)?
Used research triangulation and real-world tasks to increase ecological validity.
What is a limitation of Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016)?
Empathy is hard to measure accurately, and partner bias may have affected results.
Can the DPM be used to answer questions on cognitive biases?
No. Cognitive biases are examples of S1 thinking, but the DPM itself is not a bias.
How should DPM be used in IB exams?
Use it for Thinking & Decision-Making questions; include both S1 and S2 in answers.
