DT - EXAM GUIDE Flashcards
What are the four factors of threat perception?
- Proximity of threat
- Time it takes to control the threat
- Confidence in your abilities
- Amount of experience
Examples of fear perceptions?
Death, Injury, Killing, failure, incorrect decisions, fear itself
How does physical exhaustion activate SNS?
Happens when you have improper nutrition or have depleted the ATP fuel system
How does startle response activate SNS?
When a threat is unexpected, spontaneous, or in close proximity.
What two hormones are released during SNS activation
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is ANS? What does it do?
Autonomic Nervous System. Governs vital functions in the body such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, and stress responses.
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system.
What are the physiological changes during SNS?
Adrenal activity, Vascular activity, Perceptual narrowing, auditory exclusion, cognitive processing, hypervigilance.
what are the symptoms of SNS activation?
Rapid breathing, cotton mouth, muscles tremors, increased Hear rate, sweaty palms, visual difficulty, loss of concentration, loss of bowel control
What is the inverted U law?
As arousal and stress increase, so does performance but if it gets too high then performance decreases?
what is the optimal heart rate zone?
115 - 145
how long do you have for peak performance?
0-15 seconds at 100%, decreases as struggle continues.
How can you overcome SNS activation?
Fitness, diet, belief system, confidence factor, motor skill selection, imagery drills, tactical breathing
What is PNS and what does it do?
Parasympathetic Nervous System (Rest and digest). It decreases heart rate, increases saliva, relaxes muscles, pupil constrict, and urine increases.
What are the 4 triggers of PNS backlash?
1.perception threat has diminished
2. perception that there is an injury
3. Trauma to a vital system
4. exhaustion
What are the symptoms of PNS backlash?
Dizziness, shock, excessive bleeding, exhaustion, muscle tremors
How can you recover from PNS?
Lay horizontally to stabilize blood pressure, eat carbs.
What is critical incident amnesia and how long does it take to recover?
It happens after SNS activation as a form of temporary amnesia that can effect memory and perception. To recover you need 2-3 sleep cycles.
When is it appropriate to use baton?
When empty hand control has failed, or officer believes it will be ineffective, weapons, multiple assailants, high end assaultive subjects.
What are some advantages of baton?
Easy to transport, psychological advantage, greater distance to engage.
What are some disadvantages of batons?
Maintenance, risk of injury, method of deployment
how should you deliver a baton strike?
100% speed and power. At a 45 or 90 degree angle
What are the preferred target zones of baton strikes?
Large muscle groups, legs (Common peroneal, Femoral, tibial) arms (Above/Below elbow, Brachial plexus (tie - in)
What are the secondary target zones for baton strikes?
Joints/Hard areas, shoulder, collarbone, chest, elbow, wrist, hand, knee, foot and shin
What are the lethal target zones for baton strikes?
Head, Neck, Spine
What are the control principles used when striking preferred target zones with the baton?
Motor dysfunction, stunning, balance displacement
What are the 2 types of baton retention?
1) Holstered
2) Drawn
What is OC spray?
Oleoresin Capsicum, inflammatory agent that can give you a tactical advantage.
What is the minimum distance OC can be used at?
3 feet
What are the physiological effects of OC spray?
Respiratory, skin, eyes
Define positional asphyxia?
When the position of the body contributes to inadequate exchange of air.
What is ballistic needling?
When the OC particles become imbedded in the eye/ Cornea (Usually because it was within 3 feet)
what are the psychological effects of the OC Spray?
Focus on pain, anxiety, fear, panic, anger, goal reorientation, sense of helplessness, thought process interruption.
What are the advantages of OC spray?
You can engage at a greater distance, temporary effects, easy to use, can prevent physical altercation, can prevent escalation of force.
What are the disadvantages of OC?
It can cross contaminate, effected by wind and rain, threat can avoid the spray, may have eye protection, and can increase aggression.
When should you decontaminate the subject and how?
When tactically safe to do so. With cold clean water, remove contacts and contaminated clothing, verbal reassurance.
Define excited delirium?
A state of extreme mental and physiological excitement, characterized by agitation, hyperthermia, hostility, exceptional strength and endurance without apparent fatigue.
What are the characteristics of excited delirium?
Increased pain tolerance, tachypnea, sweating, agitation, hyperthermia, lack of tiring, unusual strength, inappropriately clothed, non - compliance.
How does excited delirium develop?
Police/EMS called, subject oblivious to police, multiple officers to control, become tranquil/calm, fatal cardiac/respiratory can follow.
what is the perfect storm for excited delirium?
Physical restraint, behaviour needing intervention and surge of fight or flight hormones.
What are some pre-contact strategies for excited delirium?
Keep distance, encourage talking, low lighting, calm/slow speech, slow movement.
what could be the best response if an individual is suspected of excited delirium (Intervention)?
Identify, control, sedate and transport
Define positional asphyxia?
When the body’s position contributes to the restriction of adequate air exchange.
Objective reasonable test?
1 - Was the officer lawfully placed?
2 - Did the officer subjectively believed that the use of force was reasonable.
3 - would a reasonable person believe that the use of force used was reasonable.
What is the A.I.M Model?
Ability - able bodied
intent - verbal or physical
means - delivery system.
Use of force principle?
Public safety
officer Safety
continuous risk assessment
best strategy
What are the officer response options?
- Officer presence - Perception and tactical considerations is officer based
- communications
- physical control
- intermediate weapons
- lethal force
What are the subject behaviour category?
cooperative
passive resistor
Active resistor
assaultive
grievous bodily harm/death
What are two types of neck restraint and the difference?
- respiratory and vascular.
- Respiratory has a higher risk of serious injury or death and is applied to the trachea.
- Vascular is safer by reducing blood flow to the brain using the sides of the neck.
What are the physiological factors to the shoulder pin?
- Venous Compression
- Vagus Stimulation
- Carotid Compression
- Valsalva Maneuver
What are the 5 technical aspects to the application of the shoulder pin?
- Approach
- Arm placement
- Grip
- compression
- Takedown procedure
How long for a subject to wake up after losing consciousness after a shoulder a pin restraint?
5-30 seconds
What are the three level of compressions (Shoulder pin)?
- Rear neck level, no compression
- Mechanical compression until conscious compliance.
- Compression until unconsciousness.
How many angles of attack are there when a knife is involved and how many defense zones?
5 Angles and 5 defense zones
What are the 5 common characteristics of edged weapon attacks?
- Close range
- typically not brandished
- majority are right-handed
- Off hand is used to gauge distance
- It is repetitive
Knives have stopping power through?
- psychological effect
- pain
- damage to major organ
- blood loss
- damage to the nervous system
- structural damage
What is the triangle of death in edged weapon theory?
Small area just above collar of your vest located around the throat.
Legal authority for use of force?
CCC Section 25 - As much force as necessary to gain compliance
CCC Section 26 - Excessive use of force
CCC Section 27 - Authority to prevent a commission of crime/Offence.
Use of force impact factors?
- Subject: age, size, gender, number of subjects, training, history, flight risk, audience, weapons
- Environment: weather, time of the day, encampment, isolated, on view, lighting, footing
- Officer: age, training, subject knowledge, position, time and distance, equipment, position, injuries, number of officers, response time for back up.
7 Tactical principles?
Winning Mentality
Cover and concealment
Time: distance ratio
One Plus One Rule
Threat Cues
De – escalation
Verbal Commands
5 Areas of risk in use of force
Hands, Weapons, Friends and associates, escape route, Environment
Reactionary gap? Two types?
6 Feet,
Inside Gap - Less than 6 feet -
Outside Gap - More than 6 feet
Handcuffing - D.SALPS
- Double lock
- search
- Ask
- Look
- Pat
- Squeeze
Tactical consideration in handcuffing is based around three concepts?
- Approach to contact
- Control upon first touch
- Speed of application
Types of subjects - Handcuffing theory
- Totally cooperative
- Potentially uncooperative – most
dangerous to handcuff. - Totally uncooperative
What circumstances would it be reasonable to handcuff a subject?
- Committed a crime
- Escape risk
- Safety hazard
Control principles - PSA & stuns
- Pain compliance
- Stunning techniques
- Distraction techniques
- Balance displacement
- Motor dysfunction
Pain Sensitive areas - PSA &Stuns
- Verbal direction
- Pressure and counter pressure
- Apply suddenly, reward
compliance
