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Dr. C. SKIN & MEMBRANE > Dt. C. SKIN & MEMBRANE > Flashcards

Dt. C. SKIN & MEMBRANE Flashcards

1
Q

The term MEMBRANE refers to…

A

Thin, Sheet-Like Structures that have I_mportant Functions in the Body._

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2
Q

TWO MAJOR TYPES of Body Membranes:

A
  1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE MEMBRANES:
    * Composed of EPITHELIAL TISSUE and an Underlying Layer of Specialized Connective Tissue
  2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES:
    * Composed Exclusively of Various Types of Connective Tissue.

No epithelial cells are present in this type of membrane

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3
Q

THREE TYPES of EPITHELIAL TISSUE MEMBRANES in the body:

A
  1. Cutaneous Membrane
  2. Serous Membranes
  3. Mucous Membranes

– And ONE TYPE of CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE

  1. Synovial Membrane
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4
Q

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE:

A

Is the SKIN and is the PRIMARY ORGAN of the integumentary system.

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5
Q

EPITHELIAL SHEET IS A THIN…

A
  1. THIN LAYER of Simple Squamous Epithelium.

Connective tissue layer forms a Very Thin, Glue-Like Basement Membrane that holds and supports the epithelial cells.

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6
Q

SEROUS MEMBRANE:

LINE BODY CAVITIES & COVERS SURFACE ORGANS

COVERING WHAT–> TWO DIFFERENT SURFACES..

A

1. PARIETAL PORTION: Lines the Walls of a Body Cavity much like wallpaper.

​

2. VISCERAL PORTION: Covers the Surface of Organs in body cavities

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7
Q

THORACIC CAVITY :

THE SEROUS MEMBRANES ARE CALLED:

A

PLEURA

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8
Q

ABDOMINAL CAVITY IS CALLED:

A

PERITONEUM

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9
Q

PERICARDIUM

A

PERICARDIUM is the Fluid Filled Sac that SURROUNDS THE HEART and the

  • PROXIMAL ENDS of the AORTA,
  • VENA CAVA, and the
  • PULMONARY ARTERY
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10
Q

PERICARDIAL MEMBRANES

• The Pericardium is actually Divided into THREE layers:

A

1. FIBROUSPericardium

2. PARIETAL Pericardium

3. VISCERALPericardium

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11
Q

SEROUS Membranes

SECRETE A THIN, WATERY FLUID that HELPS REDUCE FRICTION. THRY ARE…

A
  • PLEURISY: is a very Painful Pathological Condition Inflammation of the serous membranes that LINE THE CHEST.
  • PERITONITIS: Inflammation of the serous membranes in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
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12
Q

MUCOUS MEMBRANES: ARE…

A
  • EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES:
  • CONTAINING BOTH an EPITHELIAL CELLandaFIBROUSorCONNECTIVEtissuelayer.
  • LINING THE RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE, URINARY, and REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS.
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13
Q

EPITHELIAL MUCOUS MEMBRANES:

CELL COMPISITION IS EITHER…

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

or

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIA

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14
Q

EPITHELIAL MUCOUS MEMBRANES:

ESOPHAGUS

A
  • ESOPHAGUS … tough, Abrasion-Resistant Stratified Squamous epithelium is found. …
  • EXAMPLE: “Form Follows Function” Principle.
  • DIGESTIVE TRACK:.. THIN LAYER of SIMPLE COLUMNAR
  • STOMACH and SMALL INTESTINES…. FOOD IS CHANGED INTO SMOOTH, LIQUEFIED NO LONGER ABRASIVE.
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15
Q

EPITHELIAL MUCOUS MEMBRANES:

MUCOCUTANEOUS JUNCTION

A
  • TRANSITIONAL AREA where Skin and Mucous Membranes meet.
  • HAIR:.. Lack Accessory Organs.
  • SITES of INFECTION or IRRITATION include:…

Eyelids - Lips - Nasal Openings - Vulva - Anus

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16
Q

LAMINA PROPRIA

A

Fibrous Connective Tissue underlying the Epithelium in mucous membranes

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17
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES

A

Connective Tissue Membranes DO NOT CONTAIN… Epithelial Components.

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18
Q

SYNOVIAL FLUID: ARE…

A
  • Smooth , Slick and Secrete a Thick, Colorless Lubricating Fluid.
  • BURSEA: line the Small, Cushion-Like Sacs
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19
Q

THE SKIN PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN REGULATING THE BODY’S TEMPERATURE.

A

Hot and Humid day the skin can release almost 3,000 calories of body heat—enough heat to boil more than 20 liters of water!

Evaporation is basic to cooling systems.

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20
Q

THE SKIN FUNCTIONS

AS AN ENORMOUS SENSE ORGAN

A

Millions of Nerve Endings serve as Antennas or Receivers for the body,

Keeping it Informed of Changes in its Environment.

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21
Q

Synthesis of Vitamin D

A

Occurs when the Skin is Exposed to UV light.

When this occurs, a PRECURSOR substance in skin cells is Transported to the Liver and Kidneys where it is Converted intoVitamin D.

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22
Q

Vitamin D3

A
  • Epidermal cells produce Cholecalciferol(vitamin D3)In the Presence of UV Radiation
    • Liver and kidneys… Convert Vitamin D3 into Calcitriol
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23
Q

The Integument is the largest system of the body

A

16% of body weight

1.5 to 2 m2 in area

The INTEGUMENT is made up of TWO parts:

  • CUTANEOUS Membrane (skin)
  • ACCESSORY structures
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24
Q

The Cutaneous Membrane has TWO Components

A
  • EPIDERMIS
  • The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It is a relatively thin sheet of stratified squamous epithelium.
  • DERMIS
    • The dermis is the deeper of the two layers. It is thicker than the epidermis and is made up largely of connective tissue.
25
**Epidermis**
* **THIN Skin** * **Covers** **most** of the body * Has **FOUR** **Layers** of **keratinocytes** * **THICK Skin** * **Covers the palms** of the **Hands** and **Soles of the feet** * Has **FIVE** **Layers** of **keratinocytes**
26
**Structures of the Epidermi**s: **THICK** SKIN - **FIVE** **Strata** of keratinocytes
* ***From*****BASAL****Lamina***to***Free** Surface: * * Stratum **Corneum** * Stratum **Lucidum** * Stratum **Granulosum** * Stratum **Spinosum** * Stratum **Germinativum**
27
**The “_Germinative Layer_”**
* Has many germinative (stem) cells or **BASAL CELLS** * The cells of the **_Stratum Germinativum_**undergo Mitosis and **Reproduce** **Themselves**
28
**Stratum Basale** ( = The “**Germinative Layer**”)
* **ONLY CELL** that **Undergo Mitosis**. * * **Mitosis** is… **Growth**! …. **Generates Cells** that **Push Upward**
29
**Stratum Granulosum**
**Cells *STOP* dividing**; **begin producing****Keratin**
30
**KeraTiniZation**
It takes **2 to 4 weeks** for a cell to **Move** from **Stratum Germinativum** to **Stratum Corneum**
31
**Hyperkeratosis**
IF **_too much_** **keratin builds up**, **skin can crack****because****Keratin isn’t elastic**
32
**Capillaries** and **Skin Color** **Blood flow Decreases**, **Skin Pales**
**Skin turns a Blue-Gray Color** — a **Condition** called **Cyanosis**
33
**Melanin, Carotene,** and **Hemoglobin**
Are the **THREE**​ **PIGMENTS _that impart_ a Wide Variety of Colors To Skin**
34
**MELANIN PIGMENT**​
* Produced by **Melanocytes** in **Stratum Germinativum** * * **Stored in transport vesicles****Melanosomes**
35
The **Amount of Melanin** - **Causes the Skin's Color** to vary from **Pale Yellow to Reddish-Brown** to **Black**
Produced by **Melanocytes** in **Gtratum Germinativum** **Stored** in **Transport Vesicles** ( **Melanosomes** )
36
**What** **Besides Genes** I**nfluence Skin Color?**
* **SUN: Stimulates Melanocytes** to **Increase Melanin Production** * * **AGE: Apoptosis** * * **EXCESS****VITAMIN A:**Can**Turn you Orange**…. * * **_JAUNDACE:_ Yellow Skin from Destruction** of **Red Blood Cells** * * **BLOOD FLOW:****Red**or**Blue**…**Blushing**or**Cyanosis** * * **BRUISING**: **Red, Purple, Green, Brown, Yellow as blood gets broken down.**
37
**Function** of **Melanocytes**
* **Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation** * **Skin color depends on** **melanin production**, ***NOT*** on the **number of melanocytes**
38
**Dermal-Epidermal Junction**
The **junction** that **exists between** the **Thin Epidermal Layer of Skin** **Above** and the **Dermal Layer Below****forms a Specialized Type of Basement Membrane**
39
**Dermal Papillae**
**Small Nipple-Like Bumps** that _project upward_**from the****Dermis into the Epidermis**
40
The **Dermis - Has TWO Components**
​ * A) Outer **papillary layer** * * B) Deep **reticular layer**
41
The **Papillary Layer**
* **Contains SMALLER****C**_**apillaries**,**Lymphatics**, and**Sensory Neurons**_ * **Dermal Papillae**: Characterized by **Parallel Rows** of **Tiny Bumps** * These form an **Important Part** of the **Dermal- Epidermal Junction** that **Helps Bind the Skin Layers Together.**
42
**Reticular Layer**
* Contains **_Larger_ _Blood Vessels**_, _**Lymph Vessels**_, and _**Nerve Fibers_** * * **Hair Follicles** are in this layer
43
**_Subcutaneous Tissue_**_is often called the​_***Superficial Fascia***by **Anatomists**
* **Lies Deep to the Dermis** and **Forms a Connection Between the Skin** and **Underlying** **Structures** of the **Body Such as Muscle**
44
**Distribution Patterns Determined** by **Hormones**
* **_Stabilizes_** the skin * * _**Allows** **Separate** **Movement**_ * * _**Reduced** by **Cosmetic** **Liposuction**_ * * _Is **Connected** to the **Reticular Layer** of **Integument** by **Connective**_ **_Tissue Fibers_**
45
**Hair** - **Hair** **Follicles** - **Sebaceous** **Glands** - **Sweat** **Glands**, and **Nails**
* Are **Integumentary** _**Accessory** **Structures**_
46
**Hair Follicle**
* Hair growth begins when cells of the epidermal layer of the skin grow down into the dermis, _forming a small tube called the ***hair follicle***_. * **Hair Papilla:** Hair growth begins from a **Small, Cap-shaped Cluster of Cells** which is located at the **Base** of the **Follicle**. * _**As long as Cells in the Papilla of the Hair Follicle** **Remain Alive**, **New Hair will Replace Any That is Cut or Clucked.**_
47
**Arrector Pili**
A **Tiny**, **Smooth** (**Involuntary**) **Muscle Can Be**. It is called an **Arrector Pili**
48
**Oil Glands - _Sebacious glands -_ Sweat Glands**
* **_OIL GLANDS_** * * **_Sebacious glands_** * Secrete **sebum** * ###### **SWEAT GLANDS** * **TWO types:** * _**Apocrine** **Glands**_ and * _**Merocrine** (**Eccrine**) **Glands**_
49
**Sweat Glands (Merocrine) – Produce ‘Sweat’**
* **Functions of Merocrine Sweat Gland Activity:** * * **_Cool the Skin_** * * **_Excretes Water and Electrolytes_** * * **_Flushes Microorganisms_** **and Harmful Chemicals from Skin**
50
**Sweat Glands ( Apocrine )**
* Found in **_Armpits**_, around _**Nipples**_, and _**Groin_** * * **_Secrete Products into Hair Follicles_**
51
**Sebum**
* **_Lubricates and Protects the Epidermis_** * * **_Inhibits Bacterial Growth_**
52
**BURNS**
* **_Burns_** constitute One of the **Most Serious** and **Frequent Problems** that **Affect the Skin**.
53
**Rule of Nines**
**Body** is **Divided** into **11 Areas** of **9% each**, **Area** around the **Genitals** **Representing** the **Additional 1%**. **9%** of the **Skin** **Covers** the **Head** and **Each** **Upper** **Extremity**
54
**1st - 2nd - 3rd DEGREE BURNS**
**First-degree burns:** * Causes **MINOR** **Discomfort** and **some** **Reddening** of the **Skin**. **Second Degree Burns:** * _Complete Destruction of the dermis **DOSE NOT** occur._ * **_Partial-Thickness Burns_**. **Thrird Degree Burns:** * ***_Complete_*** _**Destructio**n of the **Epidermis** and_​ _**Dermis**._ * **Fuid Loss** that Results VERY SERIOUS. **Great Risk of Infection**!
55
BURNS DISCRIPTION CHART
56
**3 Most Common Types of Skin Cancer are...**
* **_Squamous_** **cell carcinoma** * **Basal cell carcinoma** * _Malignant_**_melanoma_** * **Kaposi S****arcoma**is a**rare form of skin cance**r frequently associated with**AIDS**and other**immune****deficiencies**.
57
**Common Type of Skin Cancer**
* **Slow-Growing Malignant Tumor** of the **Epidermis**
58
**MOST COMMON TYPE** of **SKIN CANCER**
**BASAL CELL CARCINOMA**

Dr. C. SKIN & MEMBRANE (1 decks)

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